Tsingy de Bemaraha National Park

The protected area Tsingy de Bemaraha in the west of Madagascar consists of a national park and strict nature reserve. The site is unique with its biodiversity and exceptional landscape called the Tsingy - which can be translated into "where one can only walk on tiptoe". In 1990, Bemaraha was the first area in Madagascar to be classified a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and it also became a UNESCO National Cultural Heritage Site in 1991. Part of the reserve was changed to national park status in 1997.

Bemaraha National Park is located in the Melaky region in the central west Madagascar, about 300km from Antananarivo as the crow flies. The park stretches over an area of 157,710ha, with a length of 100km from north to south and a width of 10 to 40km from east to west. The southern part with an area of 72,340ha enjoys the status of a national park. The northern part, which is managed as an strict nature reserve, covers 85,370ha of land.

The protected area is located on the Bemaraha plateau at an altitude of 150 to 170m, a karst formation bounded to the east by steep cliffs and to the west by gentle slopes. South of the park, there is a formation of pinnacles which access is extremely difficult. In the north rolling hills alternate with limestone formations.

The Bemaraha Park is located north of the Manombolo River. The rivers coming from the plateau have a seasonal or permanent character.

The Bemaraha Massif is a very rugged limestone massif with numerous caves and an impressive canyon carved by the Manambolo River. The western part of the plateau has a very sharp relief, covered in large parts by dense dry forest. That is a true limestone cathedral which offers one of the most spectacular natural landscapes in the world. In the eastern part, the forest is intersected by savannas.

The karstic massif of Bemaraha offers a variety of natural habitats which are many different ecosystems such as dense deciduous forest, bushy xerophytic vegetation on the tsingy (limestone plateau) and sub-humid forest in the valleys or low-laying wet areas between limestone blocks as well as wooded or grassy savanna.

The park is home to lemurs, terrestrial and aquatic birds, bats, amphibians, reptiles, endemic mammals and at least 650 plant species.

The population is predominantly Sakalava. It is an ethnic group that has a conservative nature and protects it by regulations using the fady (ban or taboo).

The park enjoys a dry tropical climate marked by two contrasting seasons: Rainy from November to April and dry between May and October. The opening of the park depends on the accessibility of the dirt road connecting Morondava and Bekopaka, usually from May to November. There are various ways how to get to the park:

By car (4x4)

• Antananarivo - Morondava (600km) and then Morondava - Belo sur Tsiribihina - Bekopaka (south entrance of the park): 200km along a dirt road, 4x4 is recommended for this 8 hours stretch with at least 1 hour by ferry along the Tsiribihina River (100km north of Morondava).

• Antananarivo - Antsalova (700km): 200km paved road to Tsiroanomandidy, between Beravina and Morafeno (crossing of the Bongolava mountains) in very bad condition for over 80km. Thereafter Antsalova - Bekopaka: 100km secondary road, 4 hours by 4x4, accessible from May to November.

By taxi-brousse

• Daily departure from Antananarivo (Fasan'ny Karana station), duration 2 days.

By boat

• From Ankavandra 3 to 4 days sailing with a pirogue along the Manambolo River until Bekopaka. Ankavandra is only accessible by plane.

• From Miandrivazo 3 days by motorised pirogue down the Tsiribihina River until reaching Belo sur Tsiribihina. Thereafter along the road: Belo sur Tsiribihina - Bekopaka (100km, 4 hours by 4x4).

By plane

• Regular flights operated by Air Madagascar and Madagasikara Airways between Antananarivo and Morondava.

Management and Classification

In 1927, thanks to the biological, geological and archaeological characteristics of the Antsingy, the area was classified as Nature Reserve No. 9. Thereafter it was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1990 and National Cultural Heritage in 1991. In August 1997, a part of the reserve was changed to national park status to allow the development of ecotourism.

Referring to the international classification of the protected area, following the categorisation by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the protected complex of Tsingy de Bemaraha belongs to Category I and II. In other words, it is classified as:

• a terrestrial space comprising ecosystems, with remarkable or representative geological or physiological characteristics, managed mainly for the purpose of scientific research and/or environmental monitoring as a Strict Nature Reserve (Category I)

• a natural terrestrial area, to protect ecological integrity of one or more ecosystems for the benefit of present and future generations, to ban any exploitation or occupation incompatible with the objectives of the designation and to offer the possibility to visit for spiritual purposes following tradition, for scientific, educational, recreational and touristic reasons, while respecting the natural environment and the culture of communities, as a National Park (Category II)

Objectives of the site

Bemaraha National Park's main role is to maintain natural ecosystems, natural habitats and their biodiversity as well as exceptional natural landscapes.

Within the western ecoregion, Bemaraha is a centre of endemism both for flora and fauna. It is one of the protected areas that is the richest in faunistic species and especially in karstic ecosystems (in the western ecoregion).

The protected area Tsingy de Bemaraha complex also plays an important ecological role in the region. It is a water source for the entire downstream part of the Bemaraha plateau, especially at the level of the Manambolomaty lakes complex (one of the three RAMSAR sites in Madagascar - wetlands of international importance) and at the level of the rice granary of the region: Lake Bemamba.

The rivers draining the Antsingy are permanent streams.

It is not the rivers or streams originating in the Antsingy that are responsible for this ecological function but it is the forest cover on limestone plateau. It retains the rainwater and then allows it to infiltrate little by little and feed the springs throughout the year.

Conservation targets

Endemic species require specific conservation actions as they are subject to pressure. They are key elements in the protected area and are referred to as conservation targets.

For the protected area Tsingy de Bemaraha complex they are:

• Fauna species
  • Eulemur fulvus rufus - Red-fronted lemur, threatend by hunting
  • Erymnochelis madagascariensis - Madagascar big-headed turtle, endangered species
  • Brookesia perarmata - Antsingy leaf chameleon, locally endemic species threatened by collecting
  • Uroplatus henkeli - Henkel's leaf-tailed gecko, threatened by collecting

• Habitats
  • dense dry forest on limestone plateau: Highly fragmented forest formation; tpyical vegetation on karst (very fragile); natural habitat of many wildlife species
  • water system: The water system that drains the Antsingy has positive impacts on the ecological balance of the region, but currently there is a slight decrease in water regime

Note: Plant species are not to be considered as conservation targets in their own right, as it is better to manage forest habitats to conserve plant species rather than to manage them individually.

The site and local population

Human pressures and their impacts are the main threats to conservation targets. Indeed, the park is subject to various pressures such as:

• Fire
  

The fires are periodic from June to October. Every year almost all the savanna (outside and inside the protected area) is burnt. Fortunately, the fires can not spread into the forest due to the bedrock, but mostly affect the borders.

• Illegal logging
  

The local population harvests timber from the forest to meet their daily needs. Therefore they target trees with a diameter between 3cm and 20cm. Very few woods with a diameter greater than 30cm are cut. The cutting period is between June and November.

• Land clearing
  

Land clearing is also one of the factors for forest degradation, even if the annually affected area is still minimal (1.20ha in 2001). The laying of lemur traps is one of the reasons for those clearings.

• Hunting
  

Some lemur species are hunted, especially diurnal species. Most of the hunting takes place during the end of the rainy season from March to May.

• Collecting wildlife
  

In recent years, wildlife species such as reptiles have been collected illegally for commercial purposes. The collection period takes place during the wet season. The caught animals are sent to the main collector in Antananarivo and from there enter the network of international wildlife trafficking. Note: Since the cancellation of the Air Madagascar flight to Antsalova, this illegal practice diminished.

Madagascar National Park's actions are not limited to the protection and preservation of natural species. Indeed, the Tsingy de Bemaraha National Park brings benefits to the local population while ensuring conservation through the development of ecotourism. By involving women and men in ecotourism activities, the national park provides jobs in the fields of guidance, portage, guarding, transport by cart and canoe, accommodation and catering.

In addition, 50% of the entrance fees for the protected areas are transferred to the local population to finance micro-community projects. Since 1999, communes such as Bekopaka and Antsalova have benefited from the construction of schools, classrooms, public laundries, wells, water retention dams and a fokontany office.

Fauna

Due to the diverse environment and habitat there is an extremely rich fauna present in the park:

Group	Species	Endemic	Non-endemic	Unknown
Insectivore	3	3	0	0
Rodents	5	3	2	0
Chiropteras	16	13	3	0
Carnivores	4	3	1	0
Primates	11	11	0	0
Ungulates	1	0	1	0
Birds	103	72	29	2
Reptiles	87	73	6	6
Amphibians	34	33	2	0
Rhopalocera	112	1	0	111

Lemurs

Different research has identified a total of 11 lemur species:

Family	Scientific name	English name	Malagasy name	Endemicity
Cheirogaleidae	Cheirogaleus medius	Fat-tailed dwarf lemur	Kelibehoho	endemic
Cheirogaleidae	Microcebus murinus	Grey mouse lemur	Tilitiliva	endemic
Cheirogaleidae	Microcebus myoxinus	Peters' mouse lemur	Malagnira	regionally endemic
Cheirogaleidae	Mirza coquereli	Coquerel's giant mouse lemur	Kifonjitsy	endemic
Cheirogaleidae	Phaner pallescens	Western fork-crowned lemur	Tanta	endemic
Lemuridae	Lepilemur ruficaudatus	Red-tailed sportive lemur	Boenga	endemic
Lemuridae	Eulemur rufus	Red lemur	Gidro	endemic
Hapalemuridae	Hapalemur occidentalis	Western grey bamboo lemur	Bekolà	regionally endemic
Daubentonidae	Daubentonia madagascariensis	Aye-aye	Bekapaky	endemic
Indriidae	Avahi cleesei	Bemaraha woolly lemur	Dadintsifaka	locally endemic
Indriidae	Propithecus deckenii	Van der Decken's sifaka	Sifaka	regionally endemic

Bats

Bemaraha is home to five bat families:

Family	Scientific name	English name	Malagasy name	Endemicity
Pteropodidae	Pteropus rufus	Madagascan flying fox	Fanihy	endemic
Pteropodidae	Eidolon dupreanum	Madagascan fruit bat	Angavo	endemic
Pteropodidae	Rousettus madagascariensis	Madagascan rousette		endemic
Emballonuridae	Emballonura atrata	Peters's sheath-tailed bat	Kinakina	endemic
Emballonuridae	Taphozous mauritianus	Mauritian tomb bat	Kinakina
Hipposideridae	Paratriaenops furculus formerly Triaenops furculus	Trouessart’s trident bat	Kinakina	endemic
Hipposideridae	Triaenops menamena formerly Triaenops rufus	Rufous trident bat	Kinakina	endemic
Hipposideridae	Hipposideros commersoni	Commerson's leaf-nosed bat	Kinakina
Molossidae	Otomops madagascariensis	Madagascar free-tailed bat	Kinakina	endemic
Molossidae	Chaerephon leucogaster	Grandidier's free-tailed bat	Kinakina	endemic
Molossidae	Mops leucostigma	Malagasy white-bellied free-tailed bat	Kinakina
Vespertilionidae	Miniopterus gleni	Glen's long-fingered bat	Kinakina	endemic
Vespertilionidae	Miniopterus majori	Major's long-fingered bat	Kinakina	endemic
Vespertilionidae	Miniopterus manavi	Manavi long-fingered bat	Kinakina	endemic
Vespertilionidae	Myotis goudoti	Malagasy mouse-eared bat	Kinakina	endemic
Vespertilionidae	Scotophilus tandrefana	Western yellow bat	Kinakina	regionally endemic

Carnivores

Family	Scientific name	English name	Malagasy name	Endemicity
Viveridae	Eupleres goudotii	Falanouc	Kary	endemic
Viveridae	Cryptoprocta ferox	Fossa	Fosa	endemic
Viveridae	Viverricula indica	Small Indian civet	Jaboady
Herpestidae	Galidia elegans occidentalis	Malagasy ring-tailed mongoose	Vontsira	locally endemic

Rats

Family	Scientific name	English name	Malagasy name	Endemicity
Muridae	Eliurus antsingy	Tsingy tuft-tailed rat		regionally endemic
Muridae	Eliurus myoxinus	Dormouse tufted-tailed rat		endemic
Muridae	Nesomys lambertoni	Lowland red forest rat	Kibojenjy	locally endemic
Muridae	Mus musculus	House mouse	Totozy
Muridae	Rattus rattus	Black rat	Voalavo

Birds

Bemaraha is very rich in birds. 103 species can be found in the area:

Family	Scientific name	English name	Malagasy name	Endemicity
Accipitridae	Accipiter henstii	Henst's goshawk	Firasabe or Fandrasabe	endemic
Accipitridae	Accipiter madagascariensis	Madagascar sparrowhawk	Firasa	endemic
Accipitridae	Aviceda madagascariensis	Madagascar cuckoo-hawk	Bobaka	endemic
Accipitridae	Buteo brachypterus	Madagascar buzzard	Hindry	endemic
Accipitridae	Circus macrosceles	Malagasy harrier		endemic
Accipitridae	Circus maillardi	Réunion harrier	Fanindry	regionally endemic
Accipitridae	Haliaeetus vociferoides	Madagascar fish eagle	Ankoay or Ankoy	endemic
Accipitridae	Machaeramphus alcinus	Bat hawk	Rehila	endemic
Accipitridae	Milvus aegyptius	Yellow-billed kite	Papango
Accipitridae	Polybroides radiatus	Madagascar harrier-hawk	Fihaka or Fihiaky	endemic
Alaudidae	Mirafra hova	Madagascar lark	Sorohitra	endemic
Alcedinidae	Alcedo vintsioides	Madagascar kingfisher	Vintsirano	regionally endemic
Alcedinidae	Ceyx madagascariensis or Corythornis madagascariensis	Madagascar pygmy-kingfisher	Vintsiala	endemic
Anatidae	Dendrocygna viduata	White-faced whistling duck	Tsiriry
Anatidae	Sarkidiornis melanotos	Knob-billed duck	Tsivongo-Arosy
Anhingidae	Anhinga melanogaster	Oriental Darter	Voronalavambozona
Apodidae	Apus barbatus	African black swift	Tsiditsidina
Apodidae	Apus melba	Alpine swift	Tsiditsidina
Apodidae	Cypsiurus parvus	African palm swift	Tsiditsidina
Apodidae	Zoonavena grandidieri	Madagascar spinetail	Tsiditsidina	regionally endemic
Ardeidae	Ardea cinerea	Grey heron	Vanokasira
Ardeidae	Ardea purpurea	Purple heron	Vanomena
Ardeidae	Ardeola idae	Madagascar pond-heron	Mpiandrivoditatatrafotsy	endemic
Ardeidae	Ardeola ralloides	Squacco heron	Mpiandrivoditatatra
Ardeidae	Bubulcus ibis	Cattle egret	Vorompotsy
Ardeidae	Butorides striatus	Green-backed heron	Vorompantsika
Ardeidae	Egretta ardesiaca	Black heron	Lombokomana
Ardeidae	Egretta dimorpha	Dimorphic egret	Vanofotsy	regionally endemic
Ardeidae	Ixobrychus minutus	Common little bittern
Campephagidae	Coracina cinerea	Madagascar cuckoo-shrike	Vorondavenona	regionally endemic
Caprimulgidae	Caprimulgus madagascariensis	Madagascar nightjar	Matoriandro	regionally endemic
Charadriidae	Charadrius hiaticula	Common ringed plover	Vikiviky
Charadriidae	Charadrius tricollaris	African three-banded plover	Vikiviky
Columbidae	Oena capensis	Namaqua dove	Katoto
Columbidae	Streptopelia picturata	Madagascar turtle-dove	Domohina	regionally endemic
Columbidae	Treron australis	Madagascar green pigeon	Voronadabo-Fonimaitso	regionally endemic
Coraciidae	Eurystomus glaucurus	Broad-billed roller	Vorombaratra
Corvidae	Corvus albus	Pied crow	Goaika
Cuculidae	Centropus toulou	Madagascar coucal	Toloho	regionally endemic
Cuculidae	Coua coquereli	Coquerel's coua	Gory	endemic
Cuculidae	Coua cristata	Crested coua	Tivoky	endemic
Cuculidae	Coua gigas	Giant coua	Lejabe-Angojobe	endemic
Cuculidae	Coua ruficeps	Red-capped coua	Aliotse-Akoky	endemic
Cuculidae	Cuculus rochii	Madagascar cuckoo	Taotaonkafa	endemic
Dicrirudae	Dicrurus forficatus	Crested drongo	Railovy	regionally endemic
Estrildidae	Lonchura nana	Madagascar mannikin	Tsikirity	endemic
Falconidae	Falco concolor	Sooty falcon	Firasambalala	endemic
Falconidae	Falco newtoni	Madagascar kestrel	Hitsikitsika	regionally endemic
Falconidae	Falco zoniventris	Banded kestrel	Hitsikitsikala	endemic
Hirundinidae	Phedina borbonica	Mascarene martin	Tsiditsidina	endemic
Leptosomatidae	Leptosomus discolor	Cuckoo-roller	Vorondreo	regionally endemic
Meropidae	Merops superciliosus	Olive bee-eater	Kirikioka
Monarchidae	Terpsiphone mutata	Madagascar paradise-flycatcher	Tsingitry
Motacillidae	Motacilla flaviventris	Madagascar wagtail	Triotrio	endemic
Nectarinidae	Cinnyris notatus or Nectarinia notata	Madagascar green sunbird	Soimangabe	regionally endemic
Nectarinidae	Cinnyris souimanga or Nectarinia souimanga	Souimanga sunbird	Soimangakely	regionally endemic
Numididae	Numida meleagris	Helmeted guineafowl	Akanga
Phalacrocoracidae	Microcarbo africanus	Long-tailed cormorant	Barafilo
Phasianidae	Coturnix delegorguei	Harlequin quail	Kibonaomby	endemic
Phasianidae	Margaroperdrix madagascariensis		Tsipohy	endemic
Philepittidae	Philepitta schlegeli	Schlegel's asity	Asity	endemic
Ploceidae	Foudia madagascariensis	Madagascar red fody	Fody	endemic
Podicipedidae	Tachybaptus pelzelnii	Madagascar grebe	Vivy	endemic
Podicipedidae	Tachybaptus ruficollis	Little grebe	Vivy
Psittacidae	Agapornis canus	Grey-headed lovebird	Karaoke-Sarivazo	endemic
Psittacidae	Coracopsis nigra	Lesser vasa parrot	Bolokikely
Psittacidae	Coracopsis vasa	Greater vasa parrot	Bolokibe
Pteroclididae	Pterocles personatus	Madagascar sandgrouse	Katakatra	endemic
Pycnonotidae	Bernieria madagascariensis	Long-billed bernieria		endemic
Pycnonotidae	Hypsipetes madagascariensis	Madagascar bulbul	Tsikorovana
Rallidae	Canirallus kioloides	Madagascar wood-rail	Vorotrandraka	endemic
Rallidae	Dryolimnas cuvieri	White-throated rail	Tsikoza	regionally endemic
Rallidae	Gallinula chloropus	Common moorhen	Akohondrano
Recurvirostridae	Himantopus himantopus	Black-winged stilt	Takapaly
Scolopacida	Actitis hypoleucos	Common sandpiper	Vikiviky
Scopidae	Scopus umbretta	Hamerkop	Takatra
Strigidae	Asio madagascariensis	Madagascar long-eared owl	Hankà	endemic
Strigidae	Ninox superciliaris	White-browed hawk-owl	Tovotovoka	endemic
Strigidae	Otus rutilus	Madagascar scops-owl	Torotoroka	regionally endemic
Sturnidae	Hartlaubius auratus	Madagascar starling	Vorontainomby	endemic
Sylvidae	Acrocephalus newtoni	Madagascar swamp-warbler	Vorombatra	endemic
Sylvidae	Cisticola cherina	Madagascar cisticola	Tsintsina	endemic
Sylvidae	Neomixis tenella	Common jery	Jijy	endemic
Sylvidae	Nesillas typica	Madagascar brush-warbler	Poretaka	regionally endemic
Sylvidae	Newtonia brunneicauda	Common newtonia	Tretreka	endemic
Threskiornithidae	Lophotibis cristata	Madagascar crested ibis	Akohonala	endemic
Turdidae	Copsychus albospecularis	Madagascar magpie-robin	Fitatrala	endemic
Turdidae	Monticola sharpei	Forest rock-thrush	Androbaka	endemic
Turdidae	'		Vorombato	regionally endemic
Turdidae	Saxicola torquatus	Common stonechat	Fitadroranga
Turnicidae	Turnix nigricollis	Madagascar buttonquail	Kibobo	endemic
Tytonidae	Tyto alba	Common barn-owl	Vorondolo
Upupidae	Upupa marginata	Madagascar hoopoe	Takodara
Vangidae	Artamella viridis	White-headed vanga	Voromasiaka	endemic
Vangidae	Calicalicus madagascariensis	Red-tailed vanga	Totokarasoroka	endemic
Vangidae	Cyanolanius madagascarinus	Blue vanga	Patsatsatrala	regionally endemic
Vangidae	Falculea palliata	Sickle-billed vanga	Voronjaza	endemic
Vangidae	Leptopterus chabert	Chabert's vanga	Patsatsatra	endemic
Vangidae	Vanga curvirostris	Hook-billed vanga	Vangasoratra	endemic
Zosteropidae	Zosterops maderaspatanus	Malagasy white-eye	Fotsimaso	regionally endemic

Reptiles

Bemaraha is the richest in reptile and amphibian species of all the deciduous forests in western Madagascar.

Skinks:

Family	Scientific name	English name	Malagasy name	Endemicity
Scincidae	Amphiglossus reticulatus or "Amphiglossus waterloti"	Madagascar giant water skink		endemic
Scincidae	Amphiglossus ornaticeps	Gray skink		endemic
Scincidae	Trachylepis aureopunctata or Mabuya aureopunctata	Gold-spotted mabuya		endemic
Scincidae	Trachylepis dumasi or Mabuya dumasi			endemic
Scincidae	Trachylepis elegans or Mabuya elegans	Elegant Mabuya		endemic
Scincidae	Trachylepis gravenhorstii or Mabuya gravenhorstii	Gravenhorst's mabuya		endemic
Scincidae	Trachylepis tandrefana or Mabuya tandrefana			regionally endemic
Scincidae	Trachylepis volamenaloha or Mabuya volamenaloha			locally endemic

Iguanas / Lizards:

Family	Scientific name	English name	Malagasy name	Endemicity
Opluridae	Oplurus cuvieri	Cuvier's Madagascar swift	Androngovato
Opluridae	Oplurus cyclurus	Merrem's Madagascar swift		endemic
Iguanidae	Chalarodon madagascariensis	Madagascar iguana	Hatsatsaka	regionally endemic
Gerrhosauridae	Zonosaurus bemaraha			locally endemic
Gerrhosauridae	Zonosaurus karsteni	Karsten's girdled lizard		endemic
Gerrhosauridae	Zonosaurus laticaudatus	Western girdled lizard		endemic
Gerrhosauridae	Zonosaurus madagascariensis	Madagascar girdled lizard or Madagascar plated lizard		endemic

Chameleons

Family	Scientific name	English name	Malagasy name	Endemicity
Chamaeleonidae	Brookesia brygooi	Brygoo's leaf chameleon		endemic
Chamaeleonidae	Brookesia exarmata	Dwarf chameleon		locally endemic
Chamaeleonidae	Brookesia perarmata	Antsingy leaf chameleon	Ramilaheloka	locally endemic
Chamaeleonidae	Furcifer lateralis	Carpet chameleon or White-lined chameleon		endemic
Chamaeleonidae	Furcifer nicosiai	Nicosia's chameleon		locally endemic
Chamaeleonidae	Furcifer oustaleti	Malagasy giant chameleon or Oustalets's chameleon	Sakorita	endemic
Chamaeleonidae	Furcifer petteri	Petter's chameleon	Sakorita	endemic

Geckos

Family	Scientific name	English name	Malagasy name	Endemicity
Gekkonidae	Geckolepis maculata	Peters' Spotted Gecko		endemic
Gekkonidae	Hemidactylus mercatorius	"House gecko"		endemic
Gekkonidae	Blaesodactylus sakalava			regionally endemic
Gekkonidae	Lygodactylus klemmeri	Malagasy dwarf gecko		locally endemic
Gekkonidae	Lygodactylus ornatus	Ornate dwarf gecko		endemic
Gekkonidae	Lygodactylus heterurus	Boettger's dwarf gecko		endemic
Gekkonidae	Lygodactylus miops	Günther's dwarf gecko		endemic
Gekkonidae	Lygodactylus tolampyae	Grandidier's dwarf gecko		regionally endemic
Gekkonidae	Paragehyra petiti	Angel's petite gecko		endemic
Gekkonidae	Paroedura bastardi	Mocquard's Madagascar ground gecko		endemic
Gekkonidae	Paroedura homalorhina	Northern Madagascar ground gecko		endemic
Gekkonidae	Paroedura karstophila			endemic
Gekkonidae	Paroedura stumpffi			endemic
Gekkonidae	Paroedura tanjaka			regionally endemic
Gekkonidae	Phelsuma abbotti	Abbott's day gecko
Gekkonidae	Phelsuma madagascariensis kochi	Madagascar day gecko	Hatsatsamaintso	endemic
Gekkonidae	Phelsuma mutabilis	Thick tail gecko	Hatsatsamaintso	regionally endemic
Gekkonidae	Uroplatus fimbriatus	Giant leaf-tailed gecko or Common flat-tail gecko	Tahafisaka	endemic
Gekkonidae	Uroplatus guentheri	Gunther's flat-tail gecko or Guenther's leaf-tail gecko		regionally endemic
Gekkonidae	Uroplatus henkeli	Henkel's leaf-tailed gecko	Seseke	regionally endemic
Gekkonidae	Uroplatus ebenaui	Spearpoint leaf-tail gecko or Spear-tailed gecko		endemic

Snakes

Family	Scientific name	English name	Malagasy name	Endemicity
Typhlopidae	Rhamphotyphlops braminus	Brahminy blind snake
Typhlopidae	Typhlops reuteri	Reuters blind snake		endemic
Boidae	Acrantophis dumerili	Dumeril's boa	Do	endemic
Boidae	Sanzinia madagascariensis ssp. madagascariensis (East)	Malagasy tree boa	Manditra	endemic
Boidae	Sanzinia madagascariensis ssp. volontany (West)	Malagasy tree boa	Manditra	endemic
Colubridae	Alluaudina bellyi			endemic
Colubridae	Dromicodryas bernieri	Bernier's striped snake		endemic
Colubridae	Dromicodryas quadrilineatus	Four-striped snake		endemic
Colubridae	Ithycyphus miniatus	Tiny night snake		endemic
Colubridae	Ithycyphus oursi			endemic
Colubridae	Langaha madagascariensis formerly Langaha nasuta	Madagascar leaf-nosed snake		endemic
Colubridae	Leioheterodon madagascariensis	Giant Madagascan hognose	Menarana	endemic
Colubridae	Leioheterodon modestus	Blonde hognose snake	Sabomalandy	endemic
Colubridae	Liophidium rhodogaster	Gold-collared snake		endemic
Colubridae	Liopholidophis lateralis	Lateral water snake		endemic
Colubridae	Liopholidophis stumpffi	Yellow-striped water snake		endemic
Colubridae	Madagascarophis colubrinus citrinus	"Madagascar cat-eyed snake"		endemic
Colubridae	Madagascarophis colubrinus occidentalis	"Madagascar cat-eyed snake"	Alapata	endemic
Colubridae	Mimophis mahfalensis	Pencil snake		endemic
Colubridae	Pseudoxyrhopus			endemic
Colubridae	Phisalixella arctifasciata or Stenophis arctifasciatus			endemic
Colubridae	Lycodryas citrinus or Stenophis citrinus			endemic
Colubridae	Lycodryas gaimardi or Stenophis gaimardi			endemic
Colubridae	Lycodryas pseudogranuliceps or Stenophis pseudogranuliceps			locally endemic

Crocodile / Turtles / Tortoise

Family	Scientific name	English name	Malagasy name	Endemicity
Crocodylidae	Crocodylus niloticus	Nile crocodile	Voay
Pelomedusidae	Erymnochelis madagascariensis	Madagascar big-headed turtle	Rere	endemic
Pelomedusidae	Pelomedusa subrufa	Helmeted turtle	Kapika
Pelomedusidae	Pelusios subniger	East African black mud turtle
Testudinidae	Pyxis planicauda	Flat-tailed tortoise	Kapidolo	endemic

According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the turtle species Erymnochelys madagascariensis is "critically endangered".

Amphibians

Bemaraha National Park is home to 34 species of amphibians:

Family	Scientific name	English name	Malagasy name	Endemicity
Ranidae	Hoplobatrachus tigerinus	Indus valley bullfrog	Tsirevo
Ranidae	Ptychadena mascareniensis	Mascarene grass frog or Mascarene ridged frog	Sahona
Ranidae	Tomopterna labrosa	"Madagascar sand frog"		endemic
Hyperoliidae	Heterixalus betsileo	Betsileo reed frog		endemic
Hyperoliidae	Heterixalus carbonei			locally endemic
Hyperoliidae	Heterixalus luteostriatus			regionally endemic
Microhylidae	Dyscophus insularis	Antsouhy tomato frog		endemic
Microhylidae	Plethodontohyla notosticta	Mahanoro digging frog		endemic
Microhylidae	Scaphiophryne calcarata	Moquard's burrowing frog		endemic
Microhylidae	Scaphiophryne marmorata	Marbled rain frog or Green burrowing frog		endemic
Microhylidae	Scaphiophryne menabensis			regionally endemic
Microhylidae	Stumpffia			endemic
Mantellidae	Aglyptodactylus madagascariensis	Madagascar jumping frog		endemic
Mantellidae	Boophis occidentalis	Western white lipped treefrog	Sahomaintso	endemic
Mantellidae	Boophis luteus	Ankafana bright-eyed frog		endemic
Mantellidae	Boophis doulioti			endemic
Mantellidae	Boophis tephraeomystax	Dumeril's bright-eyed frog		endemic
Mantellidae	Laliostoma labrosum	Madagascar bullfrog		endemic
Mantellidae	Mantella betsileo	Brown Mantella	Sahomena	endemic
Mantellidae	Mantidactylus biporus	Two-pore Madagascar frog		endemic
Mantellidae	Gephyromantis corvus formerly Mantidactylus corvus	Isalo Madagascar frog		endemic
Mantellidae	Mantidactylus curtus	Ankafana Madagascar frog		endemic
Mantellidae	Gephyromantis luteus formerly Mantidactylus luteus	White folohy Madagascar frog		endemic
Mantellidae	Gephyromantis granulatus formerly Mantidactylus granulatus	Grainy Madagascar frog		endemic
Mantellidae	Mantidactylus sp. (cf corvus) prob M.tsingy		Sahotsingy	locally endemic
Mantellidae	Mantidactylus ulcerosus	Warty Madagascar frog		endemic
Mantellidae	Mantidactylus wittei	Witte's Madagascar frog		endemic

Butterflies (diurnal)

Family	Scientific name	English name	Malagasy name	Endemicity
Callinduridae	Griveaudia vieui
Hesperiidae	Borbo borbonica	Borbo skipper or Zeller's skipper
Hesperiidae	Borbo gemella	Twin swift
Hesperiidae	Borbo havei
Hesperiidae	Coeliades ernesti
Hesperiidae	Coeliades forestas cubegastei
Hesperiidae	Coeliades rama
Hesperiidae	Coeliades ramanatek
Hesperiidae	Fulda australis
Hesperiidae	Fulda bernieri
Hesperiidae	Fulda lucida
Hesperiidae	Fulda rhadama
Hesperiidae	Miraja
Hesperiidae	Parnara naso poutieri	African straight or Straight swift
Hesperiidae	Pelopidas mathias	Dark small-branded swift, Small branded swift or Lesser millet skipper
Hesperiidae	Tagiades insularis
Hesperiidae	Tagiades samborana
Lycaenidae	Anthene princeps	Cupreous hairtail
Lycaenidae	Azanus jesous	African babul blue
Lycaenidae	Azanus sitalces sitalces	Large Madagascar babul blue
Lycaenidae	Chilades minuscula
Lycaenidae	Deudorix antalus	Brown playboy
Lycaenidae	Euchrysops decaryi
Lycaenidae	Euchrysops malathana	Common smoky blue
Lycaenidae	Euchrysops osoris	Osiris smoky blue or African cupid
Lycaenidae	Hemiolaus cobaltina
Lycaenidae	Hypolycaena philippus ssp. ramonza	Purple-brown hairstreak or Common hairstreak
Lycaenidae	Lampides boeticus	Long-tailed blue
Lycaenidae	Leptomyrina phidias	Madagascar black-eye
Lycaenidae	Leptotes pirithous	Lang's short-tailed blue
Lycaenidae	Leptotes rabefaner
Lycaenidae	Zizeeria knysna	Dark grass blue or African grass blue
Lycaenidae	Zizina antanossa	Dark grass blue or Clover blue
Lycaenidae	Zizula hylax	Tiny grass blue or Gaika blue
Nymphalidae	Acraea dissimilis
Nymphalidae	Acraea encedon	Common acraea or White-barred acraea
Nymphalidae	Acraea eponina	Orange acraea
Nymphalidae	Acraea igati
Nymphalidae	Acraea mahela
Nymphalidae	Acraea ranavalona
Nymphalidae	Acraea turna
Nymphalidae	Acraea zitja
Nymphalidae	Amauris nossima antsingyi	"Madagascan friar"		locally endemic
Nymphalidae	Apaturopsis kilusa
Nymphalidae	Apaturopsis paulianii
Nymphalidae	Byblia anvatara anvatara	Common joker
Nymphalidae	Charaxes andara
Nymphalidae	Charaxes andranodorus
Nymphalidae	Charaxes antamboulou	Madagascar green-veined charaxes
Nymphalidae	Charaxes zoolina betsimisaraka	Club-tailed emperor or Club-tailed charaxes
Nymphalidae	Cymothoe lambertoni
Nymphalidae	Cyrestis camillus elegans	African map butterfly
Nymphalidae	Danaus chrysippus	Plain tiger or African monarch
Nymphalidae	Eurantha madagascariensis
Nymphalidae	Eurica madagascariensis
Nymphalidae	Eurytela dryope lineata	Golden piper
Nymphalidae	Henotesia ankaratra
Nymphalidae	Henotesia laeta
Nymphalidae	Henotesia maeva
Nymphalidae	Henotesia narcissus fraterna
Nymphalidae	Hypolimnas deceptor	Deceptive eggfly
Nymphalidae	Hypolimnas misippus	Danaid eggfly
Nymphalidae	Libythea tsiandava
Nymphalidae	Melanitis leda ssp. helena	Common evening brown
Nymphalidae	Aterica rabena
Nymphalidae	Neptidopsis fulgurata fulgurata	Malagasy sailer or Barred false sailer
Nymphalidae	Neptis kikideli
Nymphalidae	Pardopsis punctatissima	Polka dot
Nymphalidae	Phalanta madagascariensis
Nymphalidae	Phalanta phalantha aethiopica	Common leopard or Spotted rustic
Nymphalidae	Precis andremiaja	Banded commodore
Nymphalidae	Precis eurodoce
Nymphalidae	Precis goudotii
Nymphalidae	Junonia hierta or Precis hierta	Yellow pansy
Nymphalidae	Junonia oenone or Precis oenone epicletia	Blue pansy
Nymphalidae	Junonia rhadama or Precis rhadama	Brilliant blue
Nymphalidae	Pseudacraea imerina
Nymphalidae	Pseudacraea peyrierasi
Nymphalidae	Protogoniomorpha anacardii ssp. duprei or Salamis anacardii duprei	Clouded mother-of-pearl
Nymphalidae	Salamis anteva
Nymphalidae	Strabena goudotii
Nymphalidae	Strabena tamatave
Nymphalidae	Zicochrysops sanguigulla
Papilionidae	Graphium cyrnus	Red-veined swallowtail
Papilionidae	Graphium evombar
Papilionidae	Papilio dardanus	African swallowtail or Mocker swallowtail
Papilionidae	Papilio delalandei			endemic
Papilionidae	Papilio demodocus	Citrus swallowtail or Christmas butterfly
Papilionidae	Papilio epiphorbas
Papilionidae	Papilio erithonioides
Papilionidae	Papilio grosesmithi
Papilionidae	Papilio morondavana	Madagascan emperor swallowtail
Papilionidae	Pharmacophagus antenor	Madagascar giant swallowtail
Pieridae	Appias sabina	Sabine albatross or Albatross white
Pieridae	Belenois grandidieri
Pieridae	Belenois helcida
Pieridae	Belenois mabella
Pieridae	Catopsilia florella	African migrant or Common vagrant
Pieridae	Catopsilia thauruma	Madagascar migrant
Pieridae	Colotis evanthe
Pieridae	Colotis lucasi	Giant orange-tip
Pieridae	Eurema brigitta pulchella	Small grass yellow or Broad-bordered grass yellow
Pieridae	Eurema desjardinsii desjardinsii	Angled grass yellow
Pieridae	Eurema floricola floricola	Malagasy grass yellow
Pieridae	Leptosia alcesta sylvicola	African wood white
Pieridae	Mylothris phileris
Uraniidae	Acropteris
Uraniidae	Chrysiridia rhipheus	Madagascan sunset moth

Flora

The area has a unique vegetation and endemic flora:

• Dense deciduous forest primarily tropophyl - typical of the western ecoregion - forming a continuous massif in the western part of the park and intersected by savannas in the eastern part.

• Several vegetation types, ranging from very dry on the limestone slabs to wet in the canyons and along rivers. 86% of the plant species are endemic, about 650 were inventoried.

Faced with the particular ecological conditions of the environment, there are various forms of adaptation in the park:

• Spinescence (leaves become spines to limit water loss)
• Pachycaul (the trunks grow disproportionately to store water)
• Reviviscence (vegetative parts dry out and continue with a slowed life before the arrival of rain)
• Dwarfism (short in stature)

With regard to floristic species, the plant formations of the Antsingy include more than 830 species which consist of:

Group	Family	Genus	Species
Angiospermae / Dicotyledons (flowering plants)	84	357	642
Monocotyledons (flowering plants which seeds typically contain only one embryonic leaf)	21	98	175
Pteridophytes (vascular plants which reproduce via spores)	5	14	16
Total	110	469	833

The inventory identified:

Dicotyledons (Flowering plants)

Family	Scientific name	English name	Malagasy name	Endemicity
Acanthaceae	Asystasia coromandeliana Nees or Asystasia gangetica	Chinese violet, Coromandel or Creeping foxglove
Acanthaceae	Barleria humilis			endemic
Acanthaceae	Barleria prionitis	Porcupine flower	Lengondroy
Acanthaceae	Blepharis crinita			endemic
Acanthaceae	Dicliptera leandrii
Acanthaceae	Dicliptera ocymoides
Acanthaceae	Ecbolium syringifolium			endemic
Acanthaceae	Forsythiopsis vincoides or Oplonia vincoides		Ananahontsy	endemic
Acanthaceae	Hypoestes arachnopus			endemic
Acanthaceae	Hypoestes penicillata			endemic
Acanthaceae	Hypoestes		Ahimalemy	endemic
Acanthaceae	Justicia gendarussa
Acanthaceae	Justicia tenella
Acanthaceae	Mendoncia flagellaris		Vahirano	endemic
Acanthaceae	Neuracanthus leandrii		Soasompa	endemic
Acanthaceae	Stenandriopsis thompsoni			endemic
Acanthaceae	Thunbergia alata	Black-eyed susan vine
Aizoaceae	Mollugo oppositifolia or Glinus oppositifolius	Slender carpet-weed	Anamafaiky
Amaranthaceae	Achyranthes aspera	Devil's horsewhip or Chaff-flower	Tsipotiky
Amaranthaceae	Celosia argentea	Quail grass or Common cockscomb	Tsiparaky
Amaranthaceae	Crinum firmifolium
Anacardiaceae	Abrahamia humbertii		Ditimena	endemic
Anacardiaceae	Abrahamia sericea			endemic
Anacardiaceae	Anacardium occidentale	Cashew	Mahabibo
Anacardiaceae	Mangifera indica	Mango or Indian mango	Manga
Anacardiaceae	Micronychia perrieri		Taranta-Tsitaky	endemic
Anacardiaceae	Poupartia caffra		Sakoa
Anacardiaceae	Poupartia chapelieri		Sakoambanditsy	endemic
Anacardiaceae	Poupartia gummifera		Sakoambanditsy	endemic
Anacardiaceae	Poupartia minor		Sakoanala	endemic
Anacardiaceae	Poupartia silvatica		Sakoambanditsy	endemic
Anacardiaceae	Sorindeia madagascariensis var. thouarsii		Vonotandraky
Anisophylleaceae	Anisophyllea fallax		Hazomamy	endemic
Annonaceae	Ambavia gerardii		Hazombavy	endemic
Annonaceae	Artabotrys madagascariensis		Voavahy	endemic
Annonaceae	Isolona madagascariensis		Ombary	endemic
Annonaceae	Monanthotaxis boivinii		Fotsiavadika	endemic
Annonaceae	Monanthotaxis valida			endemic
Annonaceae	Polyalthia henricii			endemic
Annonaceae	Uvaria amplexicaulis			endemic
Annonaceae	Uvaria combretifolia		Hazompoty	endemic
Annonaceae	Uvaria leandriana			endemic
Annonaceae	Xylopia cf madagascariensis		Taipapango	endemic
Apiaceae	Centella asiatica	Centella or Gotu cola	Talapetraka
Apiaceae	Centella coriacea		Villihitsahona
Apocynaceae	Alafia perrieri			endemic
Apocynaceae	Alafia thouarsii			endemic
Apocynaceae	Baseonema
Apocynaceae	Carissa edulis	Conkerberry or Bush plum	Fahavalonkazo	endemic
Apocynaceae	Carissa septentrionalis		Tsionala	endemic
Apocynaceae	Carissa sessiliflora		Voantsikopika	endemic
Apocynaceae	Catharanthus roseus	Madagascar periwinkle	Vonenona	endemic
Apocynaceae	Cerbera venenifera		Tangena	endemic
Apocynaceae	Landolphia perrieri		Piralahy	endemic
Apocynaceae	Mascarenhansia arborescens		Gidroa
Apocynaceae	Mascarenhansia lisianthiflora		Gidroa	endemic
Apocynaceae	Pachypodium lamerei	"Madagascar palm"	Vontaky	endemic
Apocynaceae	Pachypodium rosulatum	Elephant's foot plant	Vontaky	endemic
Apocynaceae	Pachypodium rutenbergianum		Vontaky	endemic
Apocynaceae	Pachypodium sofiense		Vontaky	endemic
Apocynaceae	Petchia erythrocarpa		Andriambavifohy	endemic
Apocynaceae	Plectaneia rhomboidalis		Vahitsindy	endemic
Apocynaceae	Stephanostegia hildebrandti			endemic
Apocynaceae	Tabernaemontana calcarea		Sarikaboky	endemic
Apocynaceae	Tabernaemontana coffeoides		Popoly	endemic
Apocynaceae	Voacanga thouarsii		Kaboka
Araliaceae	Polyscias grevei			endemic
Araliaceae	Schefflera cf. boivini			endemic
Asclepiadaceae	Cryptostegia grandiflora		Lombiro
Asclepiadaceae	Cryptostegia madagascariensis	Madagascar rubbervine	Lombiro	endemic
Asclepiadaceae	Cynanchum arenarium
Asclepiadaceae	Cynanchum danguyanum
Asclepiadaceae	Cynanchum eurychitoides			endemic
Asclepiadaceae	Cynanchum gerardii
Asclepiadaceae	Cynanchum mangokense			endemic
Asclepiadaceae	Gomphocarpus fruticosus	Narrow-leaf cotton bush or African milkweed	Tsinoronoro-Fanoro
Asclepiadaceae	Gonocrypta grevei
Asclepiadaceae	Leptadenia madagascariensis		Vahironto	endemic
Asclepiadaceae	Marsdenia verrucosa
Asclepiadaceae	Pycnoneurum junciforme
Asclepiadaceae	Secamone ankarensis		Kisompa
Asclepiadaceae	Secamone cloiselii			endemic
Asclepiadaceae	Secamone tenuifolia			endemic
Asteraceae	Ageratum conyzoides	Billygoat weed	Bemaimbo
Asteraceae	Bidens bipinnata	Spanish-needles	Tsipolitrala
Asteraceae	Blainvillea latifolia
Asteraceae	Brachylaena perrieri		Mera	endemic
Asteraceae	Crassocephalum sarcobasis		Anandambo
Asteraceae	Dicoma incana		Peha	endemic
Asteraceae	Elephantopus scaber	Elephants-foot
Asteraceae	Eriosoma psoroleioides		Voapika
Asteraceae	Helichrysum leucosphaerum		Sarirambiazy	endemic
Asteraceae	Helichrysum triplinerve		Zavontany	endemic
Asteraceae	Laggera alata
Asteraceae	Mikania scandens	Climbing hempvine	Vahimbararata
Asteraceae	Psiadia altissima		Dingadinga
Asteraceae	Pluchea bojeri		Famonty	endemic
Asteraceae	Senecio
Asteraceae	Tridax procumbens	Tridax daisy or Coatbuttons	Angamay
Asteraceae	Vernonia grandis		Ambiaty-Benty lahy	endemic
Asteraceae	Vernonia polygalaefolia		Kanda	endemic
Asteraceae	Vigna angivensis
Balsaminaceae	Impatiens	Jewelweed or Snapweed
Begoniaceae	Begonia antsingyensis			locally endemic
Begoniaceae	Begonia bekopakensis			locally endemic
Begoniaceae	Begonia goudotii		Mahabetany	endemic
Begoniaceae	Begonia majungaensis			endemic
Bignoniaceae	Fernandoa madagascariensis		Somotsoy	endemic
Bignoniaceae	Phyllarthron bernerianum		Tohiravy	endemic
Bignoniaceae	Phyllarthron subembelletum		Tohiravy	endemic
Bignoniaceae	Phylloctenium bernieri		Voantsakalava- Fatipatikala	endemic
Bignoniaceae	Stereospermum euphoroides		Mangarahara	endemic
Bignoniaceae	Stereospermum variabile		Mangarahara	endemic
Boraginaceae	Cordia mairei		Varo	endemic
Boraginaceae	Cordia subcordata	Mareer or Kerosene tree	Varo	endemic
Boraginaceae	Cynoglossum lanceolatum
Boraginaceae	Ehretia antsingyae		Vatoa	endemic
Boraginaceae	Ehretia seyrigii			endemic
Boraginaceae	Hilsenbergia apetala
Boraginaceae	Hilsenbergia labatii
Brassicaceae	Crateva excelsa			endemic
Brassicaceae	Crateva greveana			endemic
Brassicaceae	Rorippa micrantha		Sorea
Brassicaceae	Tilachium panduriforme			endemic
Burseraceae	Canarium madagascariense		Ramy	endemic
Burseraceae	Commiphora cf. aprevalii		Arofy-Arofimena	endemic
Burseraceae	Commiphora grandiflora		Matambelo	endemic
Burseraceae	Commiphora leandriana		Matambelo	endemic
Burseraceae	Commiphora pterocarpa		Matambelo	endemic
Canellaceae	Cinnamosma frangans		Motrobeatinana	endemic
Caryophyllaceae	Polycarpaea corymbosa
Caryophyllaceae	Polycarpaea erientha
Celastraceae	Brexia madagascariensis			endemic
Celastraceae	Brexiella ilicifolia		Rehampy	endemic
Celastraceae	Celastrus	Bittersweet or Staff vine
Celastraceae	Loesneriella urceolus
Celastraceae	Maytenus divaricata			endemic
Celastraceae	Polycardia aquifolium		Mamiandravy	endemic
Celastraceae	Salacia madagascariensis		Vahipindy	endemic
Celtidaceae	Celtis gomphophylla			endemic
Celtidaceae	Celtis philippensis		Tsiambanilaza
Celtidaceae	Trema orientalis	Peach cedar	Andrarezina
Clusiaceae	Garcinia calcicola		Litsaky	endemic
Clusiaceae	Garcinia chapelieri		Mokombe	endemic
Clusiaceae	Garcinia verrucosa		Litsaky	endemic
Clusiaceae	Harungana madagascariensis	Dragon's blood tree or Haronga	Harongam-panihy	endemic
Clusiaceae	Psorospermum cerasifolium		Harongampanihy	endemic
Combretaceae	Combretum coccineum		Tamenaky	endemic
Combretaceae	Combretum eriantha		Voanjon'i Letovo
Combretaceae	Combretum macrocalyx		Kijamonjo	endemic
Combretaceae	Terminalia rhopalophylla		Taliala	endemic
Combretaceae	Terminalia boivinii		Amaninaomby	endemic
Combretaceae	Terminalia calcicola
Combretaceae	Terminalia leandriana		Taly	endemic
Combretaceae	Terminalia namorokensis		Taliala	endemic
Combretaceae	Terminalia ulexoides		Taly	endemic
Connaraceae	Rourea orientalis	Shortpod	Hibaky	endemic
Convolvulaceae	Argyreia vahibora		Vahibora	endemic
Convolvulaceae	Bonamia spectabilis			endemic
Convolvulaceae	Ipomoea cairica	Coast morning glory
Convolvulaceae	Ipomoea desmophylla			endemic
Convolvulaceae	Ipomoea eriocarpa		Abotono
Convolvulaceae	Ipomoea longituba			endemic
Convolvulaceae	Ipomoea pterygocaulis
Convolvulaceae	Ipomoea quamoclit	Cypress vine or Cypressvine morning glory
Convolvulaceae	Ipomoea verbascoidea			endemic
Convolvulaceae	Jacquemontia paniculata			endemic
Convolvulaceae	Xenostegia tridentata formerly Merremia tridentata	Narrow-leaved merremia	Atarikolo
Convolvulaceae	Operculina turpethum
Crassulaceae	Kalanchoe aff schizophylla			endemic
Crassulaceae	Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri	Donkey ears		endemic
Cucurbitacea	Cucumis melo	Muskmelon	Voatavo
Cucurbitacea	Lemurosicyos variegatus		Sarivoasikivy	endemic
Cucurbitacea	Xerosicyos perrieri			endemic
Dichapetalaceae	Dichapetalum bojeri			endemic
Dichapetalaceae	Dichapetalum humbertii			endemic
Ebenaceae	Diospyros chitonophora		Mapingo	endemic
Ebenaceae	Diospyros ferrea			endemic
Ebenaceae	Diospyros gneissicola		Arivoravy	endemic
Ebenaceae	Diospyros greveana			endemic
Ebenaceae	Diospyros haplostylis		Maintifototsy-Fanazava
Ebenaceae	Diospyros myriophylla		Arivoravy	endemic
Ebenaceae	Diospyros perrieri		Lopingo	endemic
Ebenaceae	Diospyros pervillei		Lopingo	endemic
Ebenaceae	Diospyros sakalavarum		Vatoa	endemic
Ebenaceae	Diospyros tropophylla
Ebenaceae	Diospyros urschii			endemic
Ericaceae	Agarista salicifolia		Mameaho
Erythroxylaceae	Erythroxylum calyculatum			endemic
Erythroxylaceae	Erythroxylum corymbosum		Menahy	endemic
Erythroxylaceae	Erythroxylum pachycladum			endemic
Erythroxylaceae	Erythroxylum platycladum		Tampia	endemic
Erythroxylaceae	Erythroxylum retusum		Menahy	endemic
Erythroxylaceae	Erythroxylum seyrigii			endemic
Erythroxylaceae	Erythroxylum sphaeranthum			endemic
Erythroxylaceae	Erythroxylum xerophylum		Menahy	endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Acalypha filiformis var. urophylla formrly Acalypha reticulata var urophylla			endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Antidesma madagascariense madagascariense formerly Alchornea alnifolia		Tanatanandemo
Euphorbiaceae	Antidesma petiolare		Voafongna
Euphorbiaceae	Aristogeitonia perrieri			endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Blotia bemarensis			endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Blotia		Fanjavala	endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Bridelia pervilleana		Kitata	endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia hirta formerly Chamaesyce hirta	Asthma plant	Ronononombilahy
Euphorbiaceae	Cladogelonium madagascariense			endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Claoxylopsis perrieri		Hazofia	endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Cleidion capuronii		Hazompasy	endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Cleistanthus boivinianus		Hazontsifaky	endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Cleistanthus perrieri		Hazontsifaky	endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Croton adabolavensis		Somoro	endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Croton argyrodaphne		Volafoty	endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Croton bernieri			endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Croton elaeagni		Tifotifo	endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Croton jennyanus			endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Croton lapiazicola			endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Dalechampia clematidifolia		Vahindrongony
Euphorbiaceae	Droceloncia reticulata		Hazofotsy	endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Droceloncia rigidifolia		Hazombiby	endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Drypetes thouarsii		Hazontsifaky	endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia ankaranae		Antso	endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia enterophora		Famata	endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia mandravioky			endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia milii	Crown-of-thorns or Christ plant		endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia tirucalli	Fire stick or Pencil tree		endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia viguieri		Famata	endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Excoecaria antsingyensis			locally endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Excoecaria humbertii			endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Gelonium adenophorum
Euphorbiaceae	Givotia madagascariensis		Mokaraha-Farafatsy	endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Grossera perrieri		Vatoa-Tanatana	endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Macaranga cuspidata			endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Macaranga ferruginea			endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Mallotus oppositifolius			endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Omphalea occidentalis		Salemy	endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Petalodiscus fadenii		Fanjavala	endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Petalodiscus ranavalonae			endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Phyllanthus amarus	Dukong anak	Ambanivihy
Euphorbiaceae	Phyllanthus casticum		Ambanivihy	endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Phyllanthus rhomboidalis		Kororondambo
Euphorbiaceae	Securinega trichogynis			endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Securinega antsingyensis		Forofoka-Anatsiko	locally endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Suregada boiviniana			endemic
Euphorbiaceae	Tragia furialis		Mia
Fabaceae	Abrus precatorius	Rosary pea or Crab's eye	Voamaintilany
Fabaceae	Acacia lapiazicola		Migongo-Peha	endemic
Fabaceae	Acacia pervillei		Tsirofota	endemic
Fabaceae	Acacia rovumae		Roibontsy
Fabaceae	Aeschynomene	Joint vetch	Kantsakantsa
Fabaceae	Albizia bernieri		Alomboro
Fabaceae	Albizia gummifera	Peacock flower	Alomboro
Fabaceae	Albizia kalkora formerly Albizia lebbeck		Bonara
Fabaceae	Albizia perrieri		Sandraza	endemic
Fabaceae	Alysicarpus ovalifolius formerly Alysicarpus vaginalis	Alyce clover	Mafifototra
Fabaceae	Atylosia scarabaeoides
Fabaceae	Baphia capparidifolia			endemic
Fabaceae	Baudouinia fluggeiformis		Manjakabentany	endemic
Fabaceae	Bauhinia hildebrandtii		Bagnaky	endemic
Fabaceae	Bauhinia monandra	Pink bauhinia or Orchid tree		endemic
Fabaceae	Bauhinia porosa		Bagnaky	endemic
Fabaceae	Bussea sakalava		Kitratratsy	endemic
Fabaceae	Cajanus indicus	Pigeon pea	Ndrembazaha
Fabaceae	Cajanus scarabaeoides	Showy pigeonpea	Keliantitra
Fabaceae	Calliandra alternans		Ambelazo-Ambiotsy	endemic
Fabaceae	Canavalia	Jack-bean	Fangilitany
Fabaceae	Cassia leandrii		Fanombato	endemic
Fabaceae	Chamaecrista mimosoides formerly Cassia mimosoides		Velonasara
Fabaceae	Caesalpinia bonduc	Nickernut or Grey nicker	Katra
Fabaceae	Caesalpinia sepiaria
Fabaceae	Chadsia coluteifolia			endemic
Fabaceae	Colvillea racemosa	Colville's glory tree		endemic
Fabaceae	Cordyla madagascariensis		Anakaraky	endemic
Fabaceae	Crotalaria bernieri			endemic
Fabaceae	Crotalaria retusa	Rattleweed
Fabaceae	Cynometra commersoniana		Soalafika	endemic
Fabaceae	Cynometra sakalava		Soalafika	endemic
Fabaceae	Dalbergia baronii		Manary	endemic
Fabaceae	Dalbergia bracteolata		Vahinta
Fabaceae	Dalbergia chlorocarpa		Manary	endemic
Fabaceae	Dalbergia glaberrima		Manary	endemic
Fabaceae	Dalbergia greveana		Manarintoloho	endemic
Fabaceae	Dalbergia hildebrandtii		Manary	endemic
Fabaceae	Dalbergia humbertii		Manary	endemic
Fabaceae	Dalbergia neoperrieri		Manary	endemic
Fabaceae	Dalbergia trichocarpa		Manary	endemic
Fabaceae	Delonix adansonioides		Malamasafoy	endemic
Fabaceae	Delonix boiviniana		Fengoky	endemic
Fabaceae	Delonix leucantha bemaraensis			locally endemic
Fabaceae	Delonix regia	Flamboyant tree or Royal poinciana	Sarongaza	endemic
Fabaceae	Desmanthus greveanus
Fabaceae	Desmodium adscendens
Fabaceae	Desmodium canum
Fabaceae	Desmodium incanum formerly Desmodium frutescens	Creeping beggarweed or Spanish clover
Fabaceae	Desmodium fusco-pilosum
Fabaceae	Desmodium lasiocarpum		Mandalo dia raikitra
Fabaceae	Desmodium ramosissimum		Tsivalondrivotra
Fabaceae	Desmodium velutinum
Fabaceae	Alantsilodendron pilosum formerly Dichrostachys cinerea		Rehotsy	endemic
Fabaceae	Dolichos
Fabaceae	Entada chrysostachys	Zambezi seabean
Fabaceae	Entada gigas	Nicker bean	Vahibe-Vahinkabaro
Fabaceae	Eriosema psoraleoides		Voapika
Fabaceae	Erythrina fusca formerly Erythrina indica	Purple coraltree	Monongo
Fabaceae	Erythrina madagascariensis		Monongo	endemic
Fabaceae	Gagnebina commersonii			endemic
Fabaceae	Indigofera bemarahaensis			locally endemic
Fabaceae	Indigofera compressa		Kifafalahy
Fabaceae	Indigofera tinctoria	True indigo
Fabaceae	Leptodesmia congesta
Fabaceae	Milleti aurea
Fabaceae	Mimosa asperata	Puerto Rico sensitive-briar	Rohibe
Fabaceae	Mimosa pigra	Mimosa or Giant sensitive tree
Fabaceae	Mimosa pudica	Sensitive plant or Touch-me-not	Rohimena
Fabaceae	Mimosa sensitiva
Fabaceae	Mucuna gigantea	Burny bean	Takilotsy
Fabaceae	Mucuna pruriens	Velvet bean	Takilotra
Fabaceae	Mundulea sericea		Tsarambatra	endemic
Fabaceae	Neoapaloxylon tuberosum		Talamena	endemic
Fabaceae	Neoharmsia madagascariensis		Voandroza	endemic
Fabaceae	Phylloxylon ensifolium		Tsiavango	endemic
Fabaceae	Phylloxylon perrieri			endemic
Fabaceae	Rhynchosia
Fabaceae	Sesbania madagascariensis		Kintsakintsa	endemic
Fabaceae	Sesbania punctata
Fabaceae	Stylosanthes bojeri		Ankimpangamena
Fabaceae	Tamarindus indica	Tamarind	Kily
Fabaceae	Tephrosia linearis
Fabaceae	Tephrosia purpurea	Wild indigo
Fabaceae	Tetrapterocarpon geayi		Vaovy	endemic
Fabaceae	Vaughania perrieri			endemic
Fabaceae	Vigna reticulata		Mativelo
Fabaceae	Xanthocercis madagascariensis		Kolohoto	endemic
Fabaceae	Xylia madagascariensis		Araky	endemic
Gentianaceae	Enicostemma elisabethae
Gentianaceae	Swertia lubhaniana			endemic
Hernandiaceae	Gyrocarpus americanus	Propeller-tree or helicopter tree	Mafay
Hippocrateaceae	Hippocratea madagascariensis		Vahipindy	endemic
Icacinacea	Apodytes dimidiata	White pear	Mampisaraka
Kiggelariaceae	Prockiopsis hildebrandtii		Maroampototsy	endemic
Kirkiaceae	Kirkia leandrii formerly Pleiokirkia leandrii		Mafaipoty	locally endemic
Lamiaceae	Clerodendrum cauliflorum			endemic
Lamiaceae	Clerodendrum putrae		Vanginalika	endemic
Lamiaceae	Hyptis pectinata	Comb hyptis	Tsangatsangana-bilo
Lamiaceae	Lantana camara	Common lantana or Big-sage	Radriaka
Lamiaceae	Leonotis nepetaefolia	Lion's ears	Kilanjalanja
Lamiaceae	Phyla nodiflora	Round-leaved frogfruit	Lamborohaka
Lamiaceae	Stachytarpheta jamaicensis	Blue Porterweed	Anantainakoho
Lamiaceae	Tetradenia fruticosa
Lamiaceae	Vitex beraviensis		Voamahy	endemic
Lamiaceae	Vitex leandrii		Voamahy	endemic
Lamiaceae	Cassytha filiformis	Love-vine or Dodder laurel	Tsihitafototsy
Lamiaceae	Cryptocarya perrieri			endemic
Lamiaceae	Potameia madagascariensis			endemic
Lecythidaceae	Foetida asymetrica		Menambaho	endemic
Lecythidaceae	Foetida retusa		Namolona	endemic
Leeaceae	Leea guineensis		Sadrakodraky
Linaceae	Hugonia longipes			endemic
Loganiaceae	Buddleja madagascariensis	Madagascar buddleia or Smokebush	Seva-Sevafotsy	endemic
Loganiaceae	Monstuaea brunonis
Loganiaceae	Nuxia oppositifolia	River nuxia	Valagnira
Loganiaceae	Strychnos decussata		Hazomby	endemic
Loganiaceae	Strychnos henningsii	Red bitterberry	Tsivoanino	endemic
Loganiaceae	Strychnos madagascariensis	Muquaqua	Ampeny	endemic
Loganiaceae	Strychnos spinosa	Spiny monkey orange	Mokotra	endemic
Loganiaceae	Bakerella tricostata		Velomianto	endemic
Lythraceae	Rotala
Lythraceae	Woodfordia floribunda		Lambohenjana
Lythraceae	Woodfordia fruticosa		Lambohenja
Malpighaceae	Acridocarpus excelsus ssp. bojeri		Matalajy	endemic
Malvaceae	Abelmoschus moschatus	Abelmosk	Sikalenjindambo
Malvaceae	Adansonia madagascariensis	Grey baobab	Zà-Reniala	endemic
Malvaceae	Byttneria biloba		Volily	endemic
Malvaceae	Byttneria oligantha		Volily	endemic
Malvaceae	Ceiba pentandra	Kapok tree	Pamba-Kapoaka
Malvaceae	Corchorus trilocularis
Malvaceae	Dombeya albotomentosa		Hafotsy	endemic
Malvaceae	Grewia apetala			endemic
Malvaceae	Grewia cloiselii			endemic
Malvaceae	Grewia cyclea			endemic
Malvaceae	Grewia glandulosa		Latabarika	endemic
Malvaceae	Grewia lavanalensis		Selimbazimba	endemic
Malvaceae	Grewia madagascariensis		Sely	endemic
Malvaceae	Grewia nucifera		Selindambo	endemic
Malvaceae	Grewia sp1		Mabolotsaky	endemic
Malvaceae	Grewia sp2		Selivoloa	endemic
Malvaceae	Grewia triflora		Sely
Malvaceae	Helmiopsiella madagascariensis		Selivato	endemic
Malvaceae	Hibiscus lobatus var lobatus		Jamalanjirika
Malvaceae	Hibiscus macrogonus		Alampo	endemic
Malvaceae	Hibiscus panduriformis		Mangily ankelika
Malvaceae	Hibiscus thespesianus		Alampo	endemic
Malvaceae	Hibiscus diversifolius	Swamp hibiscus
Malvaceae	Hildegardia erythrosiphon		Vinoa	endemic
Malvaceae	Jumelleanthus perrieri			endemic
Malvaceae	Melochia corchorifolia	Chocolateweed
Malvaceae	Nesogordonia abrahamii			endemic
Malvaceae	Nesogordonia humbertii		Ambay	endemic
Malvaceae	Pavonia urens		Mangily ankelika
Malvaceae	Perrierophytum paniculatum			locally endemic
Malvaceae	Pseudocorchorus danguyanus
Malvaceae	Pseudocorchorus mammilatus
Malvaceae	Sida acuta	Spinyhead sida or Common wireweed
Malvaceae	Sida rhombifolia	Cuban jute or Arrowleaf sida	Mandravasarota
Malvaceae	Sterculia tavia		Tavia	endemic
Malvaceae	Urena lobata var sinula	Caesar weed	Kisalenjy
Malvaceae	Waltheria indica	Sleepy morning	Tsindahoro
Melastomataceae	Dionycha			endemic
Melastomataceae	Memecylon minimifolium		Arivoravy	endemic
Meliaceae	Cipadessa boiviniana		Ampoly	endemic
Meliaceae	Khaya madagascariensis		Hazomena	endemic
Meliaceae	Malleastrum antsingyense		Ampolindrano	locally endemic
Meliaceae	Malleastrum gracile		Manamora	endemic
Meliaceae	Neobeguea leandriana		Tsingena	endemic
Meliaceae	Trichilia
Meliaceae	Turrae grandidieri			endemic
Meliaceae	Turraea bemarana			locally endemic
Meliaceae	Turraea cf sakalavarum		Handy	locally endemic
Meliaceae	Turraea lycioides			endemic
Meliaceae	Turraea sericea		Tsakafary	endemic
Menispermaceae	Anisocycleia grandidieri
Menispermaceae	Cissampelos pareira	Velvetleaf	Sagnatry	endemic
Menispermaceae	Raptonema
Menispermaceae	Triclesia		Tokambahitra
Montiniaceae	Grevea madagascariensis		Poapoalahy	endemic
Moraceae	Bleekrodea madagascariensis		Tsilita	endemic
Moraceae	Broussonetia greveanus		Vory	endemic
Moraceae	Dorstenia cuspidata			endemic
Moraceae	Ficus baronii		Nonoky	endemic
Moraceae	Ficus brachyclada			endemic
Moraceae	Ficus coccufolia		Adabo	endemic
Moraceae	Ficus grevei			endemic
Moraceae	Ficus marmorata			endemic
Moraceae	Ficus megapoda		Adabo	endemic
Moraceae	Ficus melleri			endemic
Moraceae	Ficus pachyclada			endemic
Moraceae	Ficus polyphleibia			endemic
Moraceae	Ficus pyrifolia			endemic
Moraceae	Treculia perrieri		Foza-Tsitipahy
Moraceae	Trilepisium madagascariense	Urnfig or False-fig	Lonjo
Moraceae	Trophis occidentalis		Andraramo	endemic
Myrsinaceae	Oncostemum andreanae		Hazontoho	endemic
Myrsinaceae	Oncostemum nervosum		Hazontoho	endemic
Myrtaceae	Eugenia jambolana		Roitra
Myrtaceae	Eugenia philliioides			endemic
Myrtaceae	Eugenia tropophylla			endemic
Myrtaceae	Psidium guajava	Common guava	Goavy
Myrtaceae	Syzygium sakalavarum		Rotsiala	endemic
Nyctaginaceae	Boerhaavia diffusa
Ochnaceae	Ochna baroni		Boramena	endemic
Ochnaceae	Ochna greveanum		Boramena	endemic
Ochnaceae	Ochna pervilleanum		Boramena	endemic
Oenotheraceae	Ludwigia octovalvis	Mexican primrose-willow	Bonaky
Oenotheraceae	Ludwigia perennis		Mandalia
Oenotheraceae	Ludwigia stolonifera
Olacaceae	Anacalosa pervilleana		Tanjaky	endemic
Olacaceae	Olax andronensis		Magnarimbita	endemic
Olacaceae	Olax dissitiflora			endemic
Olacaceae	Olax lanceolata		Ambiotsy	endemic
Olacaceae	Chionanthus tropophylla var 1		Tsilaitsy hazo	endemic
Olacaceae	Chionanthus tropophylla var 2		Tsilaiby	endemic
Olacaceae	Comoranthus madagascariensis		Vavaloza	endemic
Olacaceae	Jasminum nervosum formerly Jasminum elegans		Takasy
Olacaceae	Jasminum pteropodum
Olacaceae	Noronhia alleizettei		Tsilaitsy	endemic
Olacaceae	Noronhia boinensis		Tsilaitsy	endemic
Olacaceae	Noronhia grandifolia		Vavaloza	endemic
Olacaceae	Noronhia incurvifolia		Vagno	endemic
Passifloraceae	Adenia densiflora		Lantaja	endemic
Passifloraceae	Adenia firingalavensis		Lokoranga	endemic
Passifloraceae	Adenia olaboensis		Olaboay	endemic
Passifloraceae	Adenia perrieri			endemic
Pedaliaceae	Uncarina sakalava		Farehitsy	endemic
Physenaceae	Physena sessiliflora		Resonjo	endemic
Polygalaceae	Polygala peplis			endemic
Polygalaceae	Polygonum glabrum		Tranokapiky
Polygalaceae	Polygonum mite
Pontederiaceae	Eichornia crassipes	Common water hyacinth
Renonculaceae	Clematis ibarensis		Vahivoraka	endemic
Rhamnaceae	Berchemia discolor	Brown ivory	Tsiandala
Rhamnaceae	Colubrina decipiens		Tratramborondreo	endemic
Rhamnaceae	Gouania lasciflora		Vahifoty	endemic
Rhamnaceae	Gouania lineata		Vahifoty	endemic
Rhamnaceae	Lasciodiscus pervillei			endemic
Rhamnaceae	Scutia myrtina
Rhamnaceae	Ziziphus jujuba	Jujube	Mokonazy
Rhamnaceae	Ziziphus vulgaris		Mokonazy
Rubiaceae	Borreria stricta		Rehilahy
Rubiaceae	Breonadia salicina formerly Breonadia microcephala	Matumi	Sohihy
Rubiaceae	Breonia perrieri		Berindry-Valotsy	endemic
Rubiaceae	Canthium		Fatikahitsy
Rubiaceae	Coffea antsingyensis		Taolankena	locally endemic
Rubiaceae	Coffea labatii			locally endemic
Rubiaceae	Coffea moratii			locally endemic
Rubiaceae	Gardenia rutembergiana		Mokombe
Rubiaceae	Gardenia sp		Mokombe	endemic
Rubiaceae	Gardenia squamifera		Voafotaky
Rubiaceae	Hymenodictyon leandri		Maroserana-Beholitse
Rubiaceae	Ixora microphylla
Rubiaceae	Mitracarpus hirtus formerly Mitracarpus villosus
Rubiaceae	Oldenlandia lancifolia		Ahibitsika
Rubiaceae	Ourouparia madagascariensis		Oroparia	endemic
Rubiaceae	Paederia farinosa farinosa formerly Paederia grevei		Vahimantsy
Rubiaceae	Pentas mussaendoides		Sompatra	endemic
Rubiaceae	Polysphaeria congesta		Taolankena
Rubiaceae	Psychotria apoda
Rubiaceae	Psychotria parkeri
Rubiaceae	Pyrostria horridum		Tandriadritsy-Taboriposa
Rubiaceae	Rothmannia menabeensis			endemic
Rubiaceae	Rothmannia tropophylla
Rubiaceae	Rothmannia microcephala
Rubiaceae	Spermacoce brevisseti
Rubiaceae	Tarenna calyculatum
Rubiaceae	Tarenna madagascariensis		Masonjoany	endemic
Rubiaceae	Tarenna priunosum
Rubiaceae	Tarenna retusum
Rutaceae	Cedrelopsis gracilis		Mampandry	endemic
Rutaceae	Cedrelopsis grevei	Katrafay or Kathrafay	Katrafay	endemic
Rutaceae	Citrus aurantium	Bitter orange	Tsilanitafika
Rutaceae	Citrus sp		Tsoahazo
Rutaceae	Fagaropsis glabra			endemic
Rutaceae	Melicope menabeensis
Rutaceae	Vepris perrieri		Ampolifanala
Rutaceae	Vepris pervicalyx		Fanala	endemic
Rutaceae	Zanthoxylum tsihanimposa		Monongo-Hazobe	endemic
Salicaceae	Bivinia jalberti	Cobweb-seed	Hazoambo	endemic
Salicaceae	Calantica cerasifolia		Hazonteva	endemic
Salicaceae	Flacourtia indica formerly Flacourtia ramontchi	Governors-plum	Lamoty	endemic
Salicaceae	Homalium albiflorum		Hazoambo	endemic
Salicaceae	Homalium nudiflorum		Hazoambo	endemic
Salicaceae	Ludia ludiaefolia			endemic
Salicaceae	Tisonia leandriana		Tratramborondreo	endemic
Salvadoraceae	Salvadora angustifolia		Sasavy-Tantsy	endemic
Sapindaceae	Allophyllus arborescens
Sapindaceae	Allophylus cobbe			endemic
Sapindaceae	Doratoxylon chouxii		Tsengena	endemic
Sapindaceae	Erythrophysa lapiazicola			endemic
Sapindaceae	Filicium longifolium			endemic
Sapindaceae	Glenniapervillei		Fihoza	endemic
Sapindaceae	Macphersonia gracilis		Tsingena	endemic
Sapindaceae	Paullinia pinnata		Famehivala
Sapindaceae	Plagioscyphus humbertii			endemic
Sapindaceae	Pseudopteris ankaranensis			endemic
Sapindaceae	Stadmannia leandrii			endemic
Sapindaceae	Tina chapeleriana		Tsilaiby	endemic
Sapindaceae	Tina isaloensis			endemic
Sapindaceae	Tina striata
Sapindaceae	Tsingya bemarana			locally endemic
Sapindaceae	Zanha suaveolens		Savonihazo	endemic
Sapotaceae	Capurodendron greveanum		Kironono	endemic
Sapotaceae	Capurodendron rubrocostatum		Kironono	endemic
Sapotaceae	Capurodendron sakalavarum		Nanto	endemic
Sapotaceae	Labramia ankaranaensis antsingyense		Kironono-Nanto	endemic
Sapotaceae	Sideroxylon sascorum		Kironono-Nanto	endemic
Scrophulariaceae	Buchnera hispida
Scrophulariaceae	Scoparia dulcis	Licorice weed or Scoparia weed	Famafantsambo
Scrophulariaceae	Torenia sp	Wishbone flower
Solanaceae	Capsicum annuum	Chilli Pepper	Sakay pilo
Solanaceae	Capsicum minimum		Pilipily
Solanaceae	Nicandra physalodes	Apple-of-Peru
Solanaceae	Physalis peruviana	Cape-gooseberry or Physalis	Voanantsindrana
Sphaerosepalaceae	Rhopalocarpus lucidus		Talafoty	endemic
Sphaerosepalaceae	Rhopalocarpus macrorhamnifolius		Rengitra	endemic
Thymeleaceae	Stephanodaphne cremostachya		Soahazo	endemic
Thymeleaceae	Stephanodaphne pulchra			endemic
Turneraceae	Erblichia antsingyae			locally endemic
Urticaceae	Laportea perrieri			endemic
Urticaceae	Obetia radula		Miha
Urticaceae	Urera caracasana formerly Urera acuminata			endemic
Velloziaceae	Xerophyta lapiazicola
Violaceae	Hybanthus heterophyllus		Laifotsy
Violaceae	Rinorea arborea		Hazompasy	endemic
Violaceae	Rinorea auriculata			endemic
Violaceae	Rinorea greveana		Tsimpidika	endemic
Violaceae	Rinorea ilicifolia		Rehampy	endemic
Violaceae	Rinorea pauciflora			endemic
Vitaceae	Cissus auricoma
Vitaceae	Cissus microdonta		Tontongatra	locally endemic
Vitaceae	Cissus rhodotricha		Nonotandraky	endemic
Vitaceae	Cyphostelma laza		Laza	endemic
Vitaceae	Cyphostemma roseiglandulosa			endemic
Vitaceae	Cyphostemma sakalavensis

Pteridophytes (vascular plants which reproduce via spores)

Family	Scientific name	English name	Malagasy name	Endemicity
Equisetaceae	Equisetum ramosissimum	Branched horsetail	Kitohitohy
Ophioglossaceae	Ophioglossum reticulatum	Stalked adder's-tongue	Tokatsofina
Polypodiaceae	Adiantum incisum		Ampangambato
Polypodiaceae	Asplenium blastophorum
Polypodiaceae	Elaphoglossum sp
Polypodiaceae	Microgramma mauritiana		Tratrantrambo
Polypodiaceae	Microsorum leandrianum			locally endemic
Polypodiaceae	Microsorum polycarpon
Polypodiaceae	Nephrolepis undulata
Polypodiaceae	Pellae angulosa
Polypodiaceae	Platycerium quadridichotomum
Polypodiaceae	Pleopeltis excavata		Tratrantrambo
Polypodiaceae	Psammiosaurus paucivenius			endemic
Schizeaceae	Lygodium kerstenii
Selaginellaceae	Selaginella bemaraensis		Tanatandraky	locally endemic
Selaginellaceae	Selaginella helicoclada

Monocotyledons (flowering plants which seeds typically contain only one embryonic leaf)

Family	Scientific name	English name	Malagasy name	Endemicity
Aponogetonaceae	Aponogeton fenestralis		Tsiambaravaly	endemic
Araceae	Amorphophallus antsingyensis		Tavolondolo	locally endemic
Araceae	Pothos scandens		Ranvao
Arecaceae	Bismarckia nobilis	Bismarck palm	Mokoty	endemic
Arecaceae	Borassus madagascariensis		Dimaky	endemic
Arecaceae	Dypsis madagascariensis		Banty	endemic
Arecaceae	Elaeis guineensis var madagascariensis		Tsingilo	endemic
Arecaceae	Hyphaene coriacea	Ilala palm	Satra-Melaky
Arecaceae	Phoenix reclinata	Reclining date palm	Kalalo
Arecaceae	Raphia farinifera		Rofia
Arecaceae	Ravenea sambiranensis		Hovomantsina	endemic
Bambusae	Nastus sp		Kilalandy
Commelinaceae	Coleotrype goudotii		Sofinakangakel
Commelinaceae	Coleotrype lutea
Commelinaceae	Commelina madagascarica		Sofinakanga
Commelinaceae	Commelina benghalensis	Tropical spiderwort or Benghal Dayflower	Sofinakanga
Commelinaceae	Floscopa glomerata
Convallariaceae	Dracaena reflexa	Song of India or Pleomele	Tavy	endemic
Convallariaceae	Dracaena xiphophylla		Tavy	endemic
Cyperaceae	Cyperus aequalis		Tongolondranto-Volodia
Cyperaceae	Cyperus alterniflorus formerly Cyperus alternifolius		Vinda
Cyperaceae	Cyperus anceps		Vazahakely
Cyperaceae	Cyperus articulatus	Jointed flatsedge	Mito-Mita
Cyperaceae	Cyperus cancrorum		Zozorompoza-Horefo	endemic
Cyperaceae	Cyperus difformis	Variable flatsedge or Smallflower umbrella-sedge	Beandoha
Cyperaceae	Cyperus dives		Kiherahera-Herana
Cyperaceae	Cyperus latifolius
Cyperaceae	Cyperus madagascariensis		Herana
Cyperaceae	Cyperus obtusiflorus		Fitihizambalala
Cyperaceae	Cyperus tuberosus		Tsingetsentsy lahy
Cyperaceae	Fimbristylis cancellata			endemic
Cyperaceae	Fimbristylis complanata
Cyperaceae	Fimbristylis diphylla
Cyperaceae	Fimbristylis subumbellata
Cyperaceae	Fuirena quercina		Herahera
Cyperaceae	Fuirena umbellata		Vendra-Vendramalomona
Cyperaceae	Cyperus erectus formerly Kyllinga erecta
Cyperaceae	Kyllingia odorata
Cyperaceae	Kyllingia sp		Beloha
Cyperaceae	Lipocarpha argentea
Cyperaceae	Mariscus albescens		Kiherahera mavo
Cyperaceae	Mariscus siesberianus
Cyperaceae	Pycreus alleizettei		Tsingetsihetsy vavy	endemic
Cyperaceae	Pycreus mundii formerly Pycreus mundtii		Ahibita
Cyperaceae	Pycreus vicinus			endemic
Cyperaceae	Rhynchospora candida
Cyperaceae	Scirpus juncoides		Hazondrano
Cyperaceae	Scleria hildebrandtii		Vendrana
Dioscoreaceae	Dioscorea antaly		Antaly	endemic
Dioscoreaceae	Dioscorea bemarivensis		Elakelaka	endemic
Dioscoreaceae	Dioscorea heteropoda		Tanimabe	endemic
Dioscoreaceae	Dioscorea macabiha		Makabiha-Oviala	endemic
Dioscoreaceae	Dioscorea maciba		Oviala	endemic
Dioscoreaceae	Dioscorea oviala		Oviala	endemic
Dioscoreaceae	Dioscorea quartiniana
Dioscoreaceae	Dioscorea sansibarensis	Zanzibar jam	Takifoka	endemic
Dioscoreaceae	Dioscorea soso		Sosa	endemic
Flagellariaceae	Flagellaria indica	Bush cane	Viky
Iridaceae	Gladiolus garnieri			endemic
Liliaceae	Aloe sp	Aloe
Liliaceae	Anthericum parkeri		Akatanomby	endemic
Liliaceae	Asparagus madecassus		Fantsikakoholahy	endemic
Liliaceae	Asparagus vaginielltus		Rohimbiky	endemic
Liliaceae	Gloriosa virescens	Flame lily	Sakavironala
Liliaceae	Herreriopsis elegans		Avetro	endemic
Liliaceae	Lomatophyllum antsingyense			locally endemic
Liliaceae	Rhodocodon calcicolus			endemic
Musaceae	Musa × paradisiaca	Banana	Kida
Musaceae	Musa perrieri		Kidaala	locally endemic
Nympheaceae	Hydrocotyle sp
Nympheaceae	Nymphaea stellata or Nymphaea nouchali	Red and blue water lily
Orchidaceae	Acampe renschiana		Kisatrasatra
Orchidaceae	Aeranthes tricalcarata			endemic
Orchidaceae	Angraecum eburneum	Ivory-colored angraecum
Orchidaceae	Bulbophyllum hildebrandtii			endemic
Orchidaceae	Bulbophyllum nitens			endemic
Orchidaceae	Cynorkis gigas			endemic
Orchidaceae	Disperis majungensis			endemic
Orchidaceae	Jumellea brachypteras			endemic
Orchidaceae	Jumellea gracilipes			endemic
Orchidaceae	Liparis jumelleana			endemic
Orchidaceae	Lissochilus beravensis			endemic
Orchidaceae	Lissochilus ibityensis			endemic
Orchidaceae	Lissochilus petiolatus			endemic
Orchidaceae	Lissochilus schlechterii			endemic
Orchidaceae	Microcoelia cornuta			endemic
Orchidaceae	Nervilia dalbergiae
Orchidaceae	Nervilia leguminosarum			endemic
Orchidaceae	Nervilia sakoe
Orchidaceae	Oeceoclades boinensis			endemic
Orchidaceae	Oeceoclades decaryana
Orchidaceae	Oeceoclades pandurata			endemic
Orchidaceae	Eulophia pulchra formerly Oeceoclades pulchra
Orchidaceae	Oeceoclades gracillima or Oeceoclades roseovariegata			endemic
Orchidaceae	Oeceoclades spathulifera			endemic
Orchidaceae	Satyrium amoenum			endemic
Orchidaceae	Sobennikoffia robusta		Kisatrasatra	endemic
Orchidaceae	Solenangia cornuta
Orchidaceae	Vanilla madagascariensis	Vanilla	Vahinamalona	endemic
Orchidaceae	Vanilla perrieri	Vanilla	Vahinamalona	endemic
Pandanaceae	Pandanus membranaceus
Pandanaceae	Pandanus pristis		Fandra	endemic
Pandanaceae	Pandanus stellatus		Fandra	endemic
Pandanaceae	Pandanus variabile		Fandra
Poaceae	Aristida barbicollis		Paipaika	endemic
Poaceae	Aristida congesta		Paipaika	endemic
Poaceae	Aristida rufescens		Paipaika	endemic
Poaceae	Bothriochloa glabra		Mafiloha
Poaceae	Brachiaria nana
Poaceae	Chloris barbata	Finger grass
Poaceae	Chrysopogon serrulatus		Ahitrombilahy
Poaceae	Crypsis schoenoides	Swamp pricklegrass
Poaceae	Cynodon arcuatus
Poaceae	Cynodon dactylon	Bermuda grass	Mandavohita
Poaceae	Dactyloctenium aegyptium	Durban crowfoot or Coast button grass	Tranondalitra
Poaceae	Digitaria biformis		Ahipody-Ahidahy
Poaceae	Digitaria debilis
Poaceae	Digitaria longiflora
Poaceae	Echinochloa colona formerly Echinochloa colonum	Shama millet or Awnless barnyard grass	Ahidrano
Poaceae	Eleusine indica	Goose grass or Crowfootgras	Tsipipihina
Poaceae	Eragrostis boinensis			endemic
Poaceae	Eragrostis chapelieri
Poaceae	Eragrostis ciliaris		Ahipody
Poaceae	Eragrostis tenella		Ahipody
Poaceae	Fimbristylis ferruginea	Rusty sedge and West Indian fimbry
Poaceae	Heteropogon contortus	Black speargrass and Tanglehead	Danga-Ahidambo
Poaceae	Hyparrhenia cymbaria		Fantakafotsy
Poaceae	Hyparrhenia hirta	Common thatching grass	Akatambaliha
Poaceae	Hyparrhenia rufa	Giant thatching grass	Akatatafika-Vero
Poaceae	Hyperthelia dissoluta	Yellow thatching grass
Poaceae	Imperata cylindrica	Cogon grass	Tenina
Poaceae	Neyraudia madagascariensis		Fatakandahy	endemic
Poaceae	Olyra latifolia		Sarivoloando
Poaceae	Oplismenus burmannii	Burmann's basketgrass
Poaceae	Oryza longistaminata	Longstamen rice or Red rice	Varindranahary
Poaceae	Oryza sativa	Asian rice	Vary
Poaceae	Panicum brevifolium		Ahipody
Poaceae	Panicum maximum	Guineagrass or Green panic grass	Fataka
Poaceae	Panicum pseudovoeltzkowii		Ahipody-Ahitoto	endemic
Poaceae	Panicum subalbidum		Famoa
Poaceae	Paspalum commersonii		Ahibivy
Poaceae	Paspalum polystachyum		Ahibivy
Poaceae	Pennisetum polystachyon		Rambonalika
Poaceae	Perotis latifolia
Poaceae	Phragmites mauritianus		Bararata-Voloando
Poaceae	Pogonarthria squarrosa	Sickle grass or Cross grass	Ahipody
Poaceae	Rottboellia exaltata	Itch grass	Tsanganday
Poaceae	Sacciolepis curvata		Ahidronono
Poaceae	Schizachyrium brevifolium		Ahitsorohitra
Poaceae	Setaria glauca	Yellow foxtail	Tsibolokaka
Poaceae	Setaria madecassa		Akatafotsy	endemic
Poaceae	Sorghum brevicarinatum		Bakaka
Poaceae	Sporobolus elatior		Matsia
Poaceae	Sporobolus festivus
Poaceae	Sporobolus indicus	Smut grass	Tsimatipanarivo
Poaceae	Sporobolus pyramidalis	Giant ratstail grass	Tsitorinampanarivo
Poaceae	Sporobolus sessiliflora
Poaceae	Themeda quadrivalvis	Grader grass	Akatavahiny
Poaceae	Trachypogon spicatus		Tsivongo
Poaceae	Urochloa mosambicensis
Potamogetonaceae	Potamogeton fluitans
Strelitziaceae	Ravenala madagascariensis	Traveller's tree or Traveller's palm	Ravinala	endemic
Taccaceae	Tacca pinnatifida		Tavolo-Kabija
Typhaceae	Typha angustifolia	Narrow-leaved cattail or Lesser reedmace	Vondro
Zinziberaceae	Aulotandra trigonocarpa			endemic

Landscape

The Tsingy appear as true cathedrals of limestone, shaped by a very dense network of rifts, crevasses and surfaces of limestone blocks carved in blades or sharp needles. These limestone rocks, formed by a deposit of fossils and shells under the sea 200 million years ago, were subsequently shaped by rain 5 million years ago. Today the Tsingy offer one of the most spectacular landscapes of Madagascar or the whole world.

Tickets, guides and entrance fees

The park office is located in Andadoany, near the ferry of the Manambolo river, 2km from Bekopaka (south of the park). Here one can find all the information needed to make a stay in the park a memorable one, including tourist information, guides, park entrance fees and guide fees.

It is possible to pay directly on location for all the services offered by the park, admission fee, guides and boat fees.

Another access to the park is in the north in Antsalova, where also a reception desk can be found.

Bemaraha National Park has 23 independent guides and eight 8 park agents. The majority of the guides are affiliated to an association. All guides benefit from training sessions on guidance techniques, language improvement, geology, fauna and flora and customs and traditions.

As of 1st November 2015, Madagascar National Parks increased the entrance fee to the park. Foreign tourists pay now 55.000 Ariary for a day ticket, children 25.000 Ariary. Half of the entrance fees goes to Madagascar National Parks and half to local communities. Guides are obligatory. The fee for a guide depends on the chosen tour (circuit).

Circuits (tours)

There are several circuits leading through the Tsingy de Bemaraha National Park. Visitors can choose between easy, medium and sporty circuits.

Andadoany and Ankeligoa Circuit

Andadoany Circuit: Medium circuit including the crossing of labyrinths, 4 hours walk (2km).
Ankeligoa Circuit: Medium, 5 hours walk (6km).

What to see?
It is the ideal circuit to contemplate the magic of the Tsingy: you will move through canyons and labyrinths and have the opportunity to touch these extraordinary rock pinnacles.

Feel the emptiness throughout the ascent to the roof of the Tsingy. Admire the view from the gazebo onto the Tsingy and the various vegetations. Visit beautiful caves containing evidence of ancient human presence and showing the different forms of concretions.

Prices 2015
Andadoany Circuit: Guide 25,000 Ariary.
Ankeligoa Circuit: Guide 30,000 Ariary.
Andadoany and Ankeligoa Circuit: 40,000 Ariary.

Andamozavaky Circuit

Sporty circuit, 4 - 6 hours walk (4km).

What to see?
The main attractions are the panoramic view of the Tsingy, a suspension bridge and a wonderful sunset.

Prices 2015
Andamozavaky Circuit including sunset: Guide 60,000 Ariary.

Anjohimanitsy Circuit

Medium circuit, 1 day (5km).
Sporty, quite difficult circuit, 2 days (9km).

What to see?

Adventurous hike and discovery of the mysterious world of the Tsingy for one or two days (overnight camping in Ankidroadroa in the park). The itinerary combines the Manambolo Circuit, Ankeligoa Circuit and Tantely Circuit.

Admire the different shapes of the Tsingy: gallery with concretion, limestone plateau, canyons, diaclases, cathedrals and underground caves as well as the Tsingy May (Tsingy with inverted shapes or slightly cracked skeletal limestone plateau). This circuit provides the opportunity to admire the different types of vegetation, humid in the canyons and dry on the limestone slabs, with the possibility to observe some lemurs and other animals.

Prices 2015
Medium circuit (1 day): Guide 36,000 Ariary.
Sporty circuit (2 days): Guide 20,000 Ariary for 1 person, guide 30,000 Ariary for 2 persons, guide 40,000 Ariary for 3-4 persons.

Manambolo circuit

Medium circuit, 3 hours by pirogue (6km).

What to see?

At this circuit in a pirogue you can see steep gorges of 50m to 80m in height, different types of vegetation, subhumid dense forest, sparse xerophytic vegetation and semi-deciduous dry dense forest. You will visit caves with beautiful limestone formations. Enjoy the beauty and panoramic view of the Tsingy by walking back up the cliff. Various spots offer beautiful views of the Manambolo River. You will also pass some Vazimba tombs.

Prices 2015
Manambolo Gorge (best time in the morning or afternoon): Guide 25,000 Ariary, pirogue 10,000 Ariary.
Manambolo Gorge and Ankeligoa Circuit: Guide 20,000 Ariary and 30,000 Ariary, pirogue 10,000 Ariary.

Manambolobe Circuit

Medium circuit, 1 day of walk (5km) or 2 days of walk (9km).

What to see?

Abseiling in a limestone well and then progression through underground cavities. This adventure trip is a real discovery of the Tsingy mysteries, lemurs and the wet vegetation of dry canyons on limestone slabs.

Prices 2015
Guide: 50,000 Ariary, pirogue 15,000 Ariary.

Oliha Circuit (operated by Madcameleon)

Medium and difficult circuit, 8 hours.

What to see?
Complete tour that takes you to discover the natural pools, Vazimba tombs, the Tsingy and the Manambolo Gorge.

Prices 2015
Oliha Circuit 1 day: Guide 50 Euro to 95 Euro (depending on the number of participants), including park entrance fee, picnic lunch and canoe.
Oliha Circuit 2 days: Guide 90 Euro to 200 Euro (depending on the number of participants), including park entrance fee, breakfast, picnic lunch, canoe and overnight camping at Oliha Camp.

Berano Circuit

Medium circuit, 3 hours walk (3km).

What to see?
The Berano Circuit is a caving tour, starting at the northern entrance of the park in Antsalova. This circuit includes visits to underground galleries, canyons and different forms of caves with speleological tendency. You will pass the by kalanchoes decorated Tsingy May, followed by a pirogue crossing inside the galleries in the form of labyrinths. It will be a unique opportunity to contemplate the paleo gallery still in activity embellished with vegetation of humid characteristics.

Prices 2015
Guide: 20,000 Ariary.

Ranotsara Circuit

Difficult circuit, 4 - 6 hours walk (3km).

What to see?
The Ranotsara Circuit starts 17km north of the village of Bekopaka and presents gigantic limestone cathedrals, deep cracks, limestone blocks carved in blades or sharp peaks constituting an immense field of Tsingy.

Admire the 360° panoramic view from an elevated gazebo on the roof of the Tsingy. Feel the empty space crossing a 20m long and 70m deep suspension bridge. Walk in the middle of the Tsingy arcades and descent to the bottom of a canyon and forest tunnel. As the sun sets far away, another landscape appears formed by itself in the reflections of the sunset.

Prices 2015
Guide: 50,000 Ariary.

Tantely Circuit

Easy circuit, 1 hour walk (2km).

What to see?
This circuit is a "test" (vertigo, ease in progression...) for the visitors before tackling the more sporting circuits.

This hike allows to oberserve and admire the peculiarity of the Tsingy and its various endemic and non-endemic animal and plant species.

Prices 2015
Guide: 12,000 Ariary.

Tourist attractions in the region

In addition to the National Park area, the Bemaraha region has also other exciting sites of great biodiversity, offering unspoiled landscapes to discover. Located in the west of the region, these sites of biological and ecological interest make lovers of lakes, forests and still wild mangroves happy, especially ornithologists.

• The RAMSAR site - the Manambolomaty complex
  

RAMSAR sites are wetlands of international importance with the aim to save and sensibly use wetlands and their resources. The Manambolomaty complex is one of three RAMSAR sites in Madagascar, formed by three large separate lakes (Befotaka, Soamalipo (Andranobe) and Ankerika). The complex is surrounded by forest (Tsimembo).

The complex offers the possibility to go canoeing and to discover the serenity of the environment where birds such as grepe, Madagascar pond-heron and Knob-billed duck live in harmony with Nile crocodiles and the Madagascar fish eagle (Ankoay), a species with threatened status in Madagascar.

• Lac Antsamaka
  

This lake is the most important bird watching spot in the region and migration place of the wild pink flamingo (Samaka means "flamingo" in Malagasy). Other species living in colonies are herons (Lombokoma), egrets (Vano), Bernier's teals (Mireha) and White-backed ducks (Maheriloha).

• Tsimembo forest
  

The Tsimembo forest covers an area of 30,000ha and borders the Andranobe lakeside complex. Visitors can discover the dry forest typical to the west with its 215 plant species and 80 bird species. With a bit of luck it is possible to see 8 species of lemurs and the famous Fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox) in their natural environment.

• Lac Bemamba
  

Another lake offering the possibility of canoe trips along the coast passing beautiful wild beaches lined with traditional fishing villages, or through labyrinths of reeds, water lilies and hyacinths while observing many waterbirds. Another canoe trip takes visitors in the 34km long mangroves of the Masoarivo estuary, discovering the adaption of the plants (pneumatophores, stilt roots) to this environment while observing interesting birdlife.

• Soatana village
  

Every Wednesday there is market day in Soatana, offering exotic fruits and vegetables as well as all kind of useful things. A highlight of the market not to be missed is the Moraingy - a traditional Malagasy boxing event between neighbouring villages.

Habits and customs in the region

According to oral tradition, as a result of struggles for land in the central highlands, the Sakalava fled to the great desert plains of the mid-west.
Ampelamana and his troop settled at the lakes of Bekopaka. They were named Vazimba an drano which can be translated as "Masters of the waters".
Andrianavoavo and his people took refuge in the Tsingy, they are called Vazimba an-tanety ("Masters of the land").
There are still descendants of these famous settlers who were divided into two clans.

• Fiboahan-teraky - First release of a newborn. Ceremony that marks the first release of a newborn and its mother after the birth of the child. A celebration is organized for the occasion.

• Tapakanaky - Circumcision. This is the act of removing the foreskin of boys and sometimes adolescent. This custom is practiced almost throughout Madagascar. According to the Sakalava belief, tapakanaky is the threshold that separates the child from the man. One can not call an uncircumcised male a man.

• Lohavony - The lohavony is a ceremony to mark the first harvest. Lohavony means the first flowers/fruits. It is the time when agricultural products are tasted for the first time.

But the peculiarity of the lohavony is that people also make an offer to the zanahary (god) and ancestors as well as to the water sources that feed the rice fields and to the mighty trees. These offerings are usually white rice and honey. Requests for blessings are also part of these times.

• Roba-trano - The final farewell to a deceased person. Roba-trano is a custom of the Vazimba an-drano (the Vazimba who live near a water place) after the death of a person from their community. It is sort of the last farewell to a dead person. One year after the funeral a great ceremony takes place, which can last up to a week during which zebus are slaughtered to feed the guests, toaka gasy (locally distilled alcohol) flows combined with singing and dancing. The ceremony goes on throughout day and night.

• Moraingy

View all Tsingy de Bemaraha photos

Additional information

• Tsingy de Bemaraha World Heritage Site and other biological and ecological sites of fivondronana d' Antsalova, UNESCO report from 1992