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'''The Ankarafantsika National Park is located in the Boina region in the northwest of Madagascar. To the east , the park is bounded by the Mahajamba river and to the west by the Betsiboka river. The park is located along the national road 4 ([[RN4]]), about 115 kilometres south of [[Mahajanga]] (2 hours by car) and 450 kilometres north of the capital [[Antananarivo]] (8 hours). The road is in good condition and accessible all year round. There is a daily taxi-brousse service between Antananarivo and Mahajanga. Alternatively, [[Air Madagascar]] offers regular scheduled flights. '''
{| class="imageTable"|-|colspan="3" | [[File:Ankarafantsika_National_Park_001.jpg|600px]]|}<!--|-|[[File:Ankarafantsika_National_Park_001.jpg|196px]]|align="center"|[[File:Ankarana_National_Park_027.jpg|196px]]|align="right"|[[File:Ankarana_National_Park_030.jpg|196px]]|}--> The name Ankarafantsika comes from ''garafantsy'', meaning "mountain of thorns". The name is also describes connected with a crafty and scary man. The forests of Ankarafantsika were once market marked with terror and mystery due to [[Lake Ravelobe|Ravelobe]], a patriot living in the forests who became a bandit and robbed travellers.
Originally, two parks on both sides of RN4 formed the forest reserve of Ankarafantsika, before they were unified in 2002. Today, Ankarafantsika National Park covers an area of 135,000ha at an altitude of 250m. The highest peak is 350m. There are five major rivers running through the park. Several lakes, such as Tsimaloto, Ampijoroa, Antsimalo and Ankomakoma are the last refuges of native fish, aquatic birds and crocodiles. In addition, the lakes are shrines to the natives of the region. The landscape of the park is very alternating with different types of forests and savannas. A highlight of the park is the ''Lavaka of Ankarokaroka'', a lunar landscape born of massive erosion. Various endemic species live and grow in this sandy massif.
From April to November the weather is hot and dry, followed by a wet period. The average annual rainfall is 1,475mm. In general , the temperature varies between 24°C and 29°C. There are about 37,456 people (2010) living in the area, spread over 133 villages and hamlets. The inhabitants are mainly farmers. The dominant ethnic group is [[Sakalava]].
Ankarafantsika National Park is subject to strong pressures caused by charcoal production, slash and burn agriculture (''[[tavy]]''), logging, expansion of grazing, hunting and collecting forest by-products. Every dry season, the park is also exposed to severe fires caused by humans, which is destroying the habitat of a wide variety of animals. Hunting is also increasing, as the traditional ''[[fady]]'' on hunting of lemurs is generally not respected by migrants in the region.
{| class="imageTable"|-|colspan="3" | [[File:Ankarafantsika_National_Park_023.jpg|600px]]|} 50% of the park entrance fees are donated to the local population to support the financing of micro projects. Since the launch of the Environmental Action Plan, more than 200 projects were enforced in the surrounding communities. More than 20,000 people benefited from the construction of wells, mini-dams and a school, drilling for a fire hydrant, beekeeping, reforestation, poultry farming and provision of agricultural equipment.<br><br>
== Ecosystems ==
* '''Permanent lakes:''' They are habitat for rare species and play an economic and ecological function in the region.<br><br>
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== Fauna ==
* ''Haliaeetus vociferoides'' - [[Madagascar fish eagle]]
* ''Polyboroides radiatus'' - [[Madagascar harrier-hawk]]
* ''Ardea humbloti'' - [[Humblot's Madagascar heron]]
* ''Coua cristata'' - [[Crested coua]]
* ''Actophilornis albinucha'' - [[Madagascan Madagascar jacana]]
* ''Mesitornis variegata'' - [[White-breasted mesite]]
* ''Tachybaptus pelzelnii'' - [[Madagascan Madagascar grebe]]
* ''Bernieria madagascariensis'' - [[Long-billed bernieria]]
* ''Otus rutilus'' - [[Rainforest Madagascar scops -owl]]* ''Lophotibis cristata'' - [[Madagascan Madagascar crested ibis]]
* ''Leptopterus chabert'' - [[Chabert's vanga]]
* ''Xenopirostris damii'' - [[Van Dam's vanga]]
Various species of insects and amphibians can also be found.<br><br>
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== The best fauna most visible to tourists ==
<td>Coquerel's sifaka / Sifaka</td>
<td>Tree lemur. Endemic to Ankarafantsika. Rarest and most threatened species.</td>
<td>It has a head-body length of 45cm and a tail length of 55cm long. The adult female weights around 3.76kg and the adult male around 3.70kg. The upper body is whitish woolly, the lower body is dark brown woolly. The face is bare and black with a black nose and white muzzle. The tail is white.</td>
<td>Diurnal. Folivore and frugivore - feeds on leaves and fruits.</td></tr>
<td>[[Mongoose lemur]] / Dredrika</td>
<td>Tree lemur. Endemic to Ankarafantsika. Vulnerable species.</td>
<td>It has a head-body length of 30cm to 35cm and a tail length of 48cm. An adult weights between 1kg and 1.50kg5kg. The male has a brown back, darker than the female. Male and female distinguish themselves by the colour of their shoulders: Blackish brown for females and yellowish for males. Both sexes have orange eyes and a white nose.</td><td>Diurnal in rainy season when the food is abondant abundant and nocturnal in dry season when the food is scaresscarce. Folivore and frugivore - feeds on leaves and fruits. Sometimes insectivore - feeds on insects.</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Cheirogaleus medius''</td>
<td>Western woolly lemur / Tsarafangitra</td>
<td>Tree lemur. Endemic to Madagascar.</td>
<td>The length of head and body is greater than the length of the tail. An adult weights 859g. Dense fur with a shaped loop on the back. Median Medium grey, sometimes mottled brown back. Sometimes reddish grey tail.</td>
<td>Folivore - eating mostly leaves of ''Commiphora pervilleana'' (Matambelona).</td></tr></table><br>
== Flora ==
Ankarafantsika National Park is home to a rich and diverse flora. 823 species have been inventoried. The endemic rate is ranging from 82% for herbaceous plants to 92% for woody plants.<br> {| class="imageTable"|-|colspan="3" | [[File:Ankarafantsika_National_Park_005.jpg|600px]]|}<br>
== The best flora most visible to tourists ==
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Baudouinia fluggeiformis''</td>
<td>Mpanjakabenitany or Mpanjakaben' ny tany</td>
<td>Shrub or tree 15m in hight and 50cm in diameter. Irregular trunk with very deep grooves/flutings. The bark is light brown. Its deciduous leaves arranged in bouquets at the summits of short branches have a dull bottom side and a shiny upper side. A dominant leaf-vein crosses the leaves. Hermaphrodite (both sexes) flowers with five yellow petals about the same length as the sepals. Endemic to Madagascar.</td>
<td>In degraded dry deciduous forests.</td>
<td>Flowering from August to December, fruiting from September to May.</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Cedrelopsis grevei''</td>
<td>Katrafay</td>
<td>Tree 5m to 22m in height and 10cm to 50cm in diameter. Its greyish-brown bark is cracked and has a characteristic odor. Its clear-yellow and hard wood is very valued for joinerycarpentry. Its deciduous, hollow leaves grouped on the summit of the twig have various healing powers. The small flowers are yellow. The fruit capsules turn black when ripe. Essential oil (katrafay oil) resulting from the bark is used in traditional medicine and in aromatherapy. Endemic to Madagascar.</td>
<td>In dry and dense deciduous forests.</td>
<td>Flowering from September to December, fruiting from October to January.</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Strychnos spinosa''</td>
<td>Mokotra </td>
<td>Quite small tree with thorns and opposite leaves. Small white flowers with fused corollas .<!-- Blumenkronen -->. Large woody fruits with edible pulp. Endemic to Madagascar.</td>
<td>On grassy savannas or savanna woodlands.</td>
<td>Flowering in the wet season and fruiting in the dry season.</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Raphia farinifera, Raphia rufa''</td>
<td>Raffia palm / Rofia</td>
<td>Erected palm tree with a trunk covered with leaf sheaths<!-- Blattscheide -->. Compound pinnate leaves with a petiole of about 1.5m and a spine of 2m to 3m. In Ankarafantsika National Park grow Raffia palms grow with leaves up to 7m long. The main veins are covered by short spines. The small flowers are covered by tubular bracts<!-- röhrenförmige Deckblätter-->, the fruits are oval. The fibrous branches and palm leaves are used for ropes, sticks and various roof coverings. Introduced to Madagascar.</td>
<td>In wetlands and shallow valleys.</td>
<td>Flowering in the wet season and fruiting in the dry season. This palm grows on clay-humus.</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Commiphora guillaumini''</td>
<td>Matambelona</td>
<td>Deciduous tree with a height of 10m to 20m and a diameter of 50cm to 80cm. The crown is somewhat bulky and the branches are rather thick at the end. Dry bark peels of off from the green trunk, leaving scars. Yellow brown, reddish wood with darker rings. Smooth, alternating leaves, crowded in clusters on the branches. Lateral nerves are visible on both sides of the leaves. Round, fleshy fruits with fruit stone inside. Endemic to Madagascar.</td>
<td>In dry and dense forests.</td>
<td>Flowering in October and November, fruiting between October and March.</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Poupartia silvatica''</td>
<td>Sakoanala</td>
<td>Large tree, 12m to 25 25m high, can sometimes reach up to 35m in height and 50cm in diameter. Grey-stained white, thick, cracked bark with elongated scales. Releases reddish latex after scratching the trunk. Compound leaves with 7-15 elliptical leaflets. Small, white flowers. Ovoid Egg-shaped fruits. Endemic to Madagascar.</td>
<td>In dry and dense deciduous forests.</td>
<td>Flowering in September and October, fruiting between October and March.</td></tr></table><br>
== Guides and entrance fees ==
The park administrative office is located within the park in [[Ampijoroa]]. There , where visitors can find all necessary information for planning their visit, including guides and porters.
There are 14 French and English speaking guides, of which 11 are 11 private and 3 three working within for the park. In addition to their knowledge about the biodiversity, all guides participated a training are trained in first aid, guidance techniques and knowledge about the natural and cultural environment.
As of 1st November 2015, [[Madagascar National Parks]] increased the entrance fee to the park. Foreign tourists pay now 55.000 Ariary for a day ticket, children 25.000 Ariary. <!--The admission fee for visiting the park depends on how many days will be spent in the park. Foreign tourists pay 25,000 Ariary for 1 one day, 37,000 Ariary for 2 two days, 40,000 Ariary for 3 three days and 50,000 Ariary for 4 four to 10 ten days (prices 2010). --> Half of the entrance fees goes to Madagascar National Parks and half to local communities. Guides are obligatory. The fee for a guide depends on the chosen tour (circuit).<br> {| class="imageTable"|-|colspan="3" | [[File:Ankarafantsika_National_Park_038.jpg|600px]]|}<br>
== Circuits (tours) ==
=== The Coquereli Circuit - "Small Tour" ===
Easy circuit, 2- to 3-hour hours walk (2km), recommended for wildlife enthusiasts.<br>'''What to see?'''<br>- * diurnal lemurs: Coquerel's sifaka (''Propithecus coquereli'') - endemic to Ankarafantsika, Brown lemur and Mongoose lemur<br>Guide: 15,000 Ariary (1-5 6 people), 21,000 Ariary (7 and or more people)<br><br>
=== The Coquereli Circuit - "Big Tour" ===
Easy circuit, 2- to 3-hour hours walk (3km)<br>'''What to see?'''<br>- * birds: Van Dam's vanga - especially rare and endemic to Ankarafantsika, Paradise flycatcher, Madagascar bulbul, coua, mesite, drongo and hawk<br>- * reptiles: horned chameleon (''Rucifer rhinoceratus''), iguana, [[Giant Malagasy hognose snake]] (''Leioheterodon madagascariensis'')<br>- panoramic view of the Ankarafantsika forest<br>- * precious wood: Rosewood rosewood (''Dalbergia sp'')<br>- * sacred wood: Mpanjakaben'ny tany<br>- * medicinal plants: katrafay, Adeniaadenia, vanilla (''Vanilla madagascariensis'')<br>* panoramic views of the Ankarafantsika forestGuide: 15,000 Ariary (1-5 6 people), 21,000 Ariary (7 and more people)<br><br> To accomodate you during your visit, Madagascar National Parks has set a stage lodging in Ampijoroa, under booking. The stage lodging of Ampijoroa offers you : - A kitchen and cookers if needed, a common shower with hot water, toilets, a solar lighting and a parking.- 6 rooms with two double beds or 2 single bed, common toilets : Ar 35,000 / night- 5 bungalows for 4 people, 1 double bed and 1 more superimposed bed, private toilets: Ar 80,000 / night- 2 new bungalows for 4 people: 1 double bed and 1 superimposed bed, private toilets: Ar 100,000 / night- Renting extra mattress: Ar 4,000 / night- Renting cooks in full air for the groupes/day (including refectory): Ar 10,000 / night- Renting refectory for 30 people: Ar 65,000 / night <googlemap version="0.9" lat="-16.056371" lon="46.999512" type="map" zoom="8" controls="large">-16.241046, 46.856689Ankarafantsika National Park</googlemap> <center>'''Site : PARC NATIONAL ANKARAFANTSIKA'''</center> 3.2.1 Les circuits écotouristiques {| class="prettytable"| <center>'''Circuit'''</center>| <center>'''Richesses à découvrir'''</center>| <center>'''Distance'''</center>| <center>'''Durée'''</center>| <center>'''Niveau de difficulté'''</center>
{| class="imageTable"
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| COQUERELIcolspan="3" | Cette randonnée est recommandée pour les amateurs de la '''faune''', découvrez [[File:| 2 km (petit tour)Ankarafantsika_National_Park_013.jpg| 2 à3h600px]]| Facile}<br>
{| class="imageTable"
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| Bois précieux colspan="3" | [[File: Palissandre (''Dalbergia sp''), Bois sacré Mpanjakaben'ny tanyAnkarafantsika_National_Park_036.jpg|600px]]|- |[[File: Ankarafantsika_National_Park_027.jpg|196px]]|align="center"|[[File:Ankarafantsika_National_Park_031.jpg|196px]]|align="right"|[[File:Ankarafantsika_National_Park_029.jpg|196px]]| }<br>
{| class="imageTable"
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| RETENDRIKAcolspan="3" | [[File:Ankarafantsika_National_Park_009.jpg|600px]]|- |[[File:Ankarafantsika_National_Park_016.jpg|196px]]| Les plantes de ce circuit botanique vont certainement enrichir les connaissances des botanistesalign="center"|[[File:Ankarafantsika_National_Park_015. Il offre également la chance aux amateurs de comprendre une partie de l’écosystème d’Ankarafantsikajpg|196px]]|align="right"|[[File:Ankarafantsika_National_Park_014.jpg|196px]]|}<br>
=== The Ankoririka Circuit ===
Medium circuit, 3 hours (9km).<br>
'''What to see?'''
* diurnal lemurs: sifaka, Brown lemur
* nocturnal lemurs: Mouse lemur, Milne-Edwards's sportive lemur, Western woolly lemur, Western Fat-tailed Dwarf Lemur
* land birds: Van Dam's vanga, Schlegel's asity, flycatcher, Madagascar magpie-robin, Madagascar bulbul, coua, drongo
* reptiles: chameleons, snakes, lizards
* precious wood: rosewood, ficus, sorindeia
* medicinal plants: adenia, aloe, vanilla, tamarind
* panoramic view on the [[Lavaka of Ankarokaroka]] formation and waterfall
Guide: 25,000 Ariary (1-6 people), 37,000 Ariary (7 or more people)<br><br>
=== Sailing on the Lake Ravelobe ===
Easy circuit.<br>
'''What to see?'''<br>
Boat safari on the quiet, 60ha large [[Lake Ravelobe]]. The guide will tell the legend of Ravelobe, a dangerous and feared man in the ''garafantsy'' (hill of thorns).
* [[Nile crocodile|Nile crocodiles]]
* birds: osprey, herons, egrets, jacanas, morhens, Glossy ibis, [[African darter]], wild ducks
* various aquatic plants
Guide and boat: 50,000 Ariary (1-2 people), 40,000 Ariary (3 people), 50,000 (4 people), 65,000 Ariary (5 people), 70,000 Ariary (6 people), 90,000 Ariary (7 people), 100,000 Ariary (8 people). Maximum 8 people.
{| 2h30| Moyenclass="imageTable"
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|colspan="3" | [[File:Ankarafantsika_National_Park_033.jpg|600px]]| - Riche en '''flore''', notamment |[[File:Ankarafantsika_National_Park_032.jpg|196px]]|align="center"|[[File:Ankarafantsika_National_Park_025.jpg|196px]]|align="right"|[[File:African_darter_001.jpg|196px]]|}<br>
{| class="imageTable"
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| Atelier de raphiacolspan="3" | tissage traditionnel et teinture naturelle du produit raphia[[File:Ankarafantsika_National_Park_017. | Ampombolava| 1,5 km sur la RN4jpg| voiture, à pied600px]]|- | Atelier de raphia| tissage traditionnel et teinture naturelle du produit raphia[[File:Ankarafantsika_National_Park_022.| Andranomandevy| 16 km sur la RN4jpg| voiture |} 3.3.2 Hors de l’aire protégée 196px]]{| classalign="prettytablecenter"| <center>'''Autres attractions'''</center>| <center>'''Description et spécificité'''</center>| <center>'''Endroit'''</center>| <center>'''Distance et accès'''</center>| <center>'''Moyen'''</center> |-| Histoire des dinosaures| site de recherche sur les dinosaures| Berivotra| 65 km sur la RN4| voiture |-| Anjohibe| grotte| Majunga| 120 km| voiture |-| Cirque rouge| formation extraordinaire du lavaka| Majunga| 130 km[[File:Ankarafantsika_National_Park_021.jpg| voiture |} 3.3.3 Evènements culturels de la région 196px]] {| classalign="prettytableright"| <center>'''Evènements culturels'''</center>[[File:Ankarafantsika_National_Park_018.jpg| <center>'''Description et spécificité'''</center>| <center>'''Période et durée'''</center>196px]]| }<centerbr>'''Personnes concernées'''</center> |-| « Fanompoana »| Demande de protection et bénédiction au Roi Sakalava| Juillet – un (1) mois| Population locale : Sakalava |} 3.3.4 Faits marquants de la Région '''Us et coutume : ''' * '''circoncision traditionnelle, ''' * '''mariage traditionnel''', * '''« Famadiana » retournement des morts'''" (traduction occidentale) . A cette occasion la famille commémore la vie du défunt .On exhume le corps du défunt afin de le draper d'un nouveau linceul. Cérémonie funèbre mais qui n'a rien de triste. Une preuve que l'on n'a pas oublié le défunt. A cette occasion la famille organise une grande fête : repas, musique et danse traditionnelles sont de rigueur * '''« Fanompoana »''' (pour les sakalava ) * '''« Tromba »''' : Au cours d’un rituel spécifique et secret, une personne douée pour l’invocation, le «tromba » se voit possédé par des esprits bienfaiteurs rémanents. Véritable vecteur sacré, le « tromba » est alors capable de diriger les rites importants du village. Ces mediums sont consultés afin de communiquer avec les ancêtres. Pour incarner complètement le personnage, le médium adopte les particularités de comportements et de langage ainsi que les goûts de la personne réincarnée '''« Fady » (tabous) : ''' * mardi et jeudi sont les jours tabous (on ne travaille pas), * il est interdit de porter ou de manger du porc avant d'aller au lac
== Fady - What not to do in the park ==[[fady|Fady's]] are not strictly taboos, they are more beliefs which signal when something is "dangerous" related to action, food, locations etc. The following fady''Lieux sacrés : '''s in the Ankarafantsika National Park apply both to locals and visitors.* Tuesday and Thursday are fady days - it is not allowed to work on such days.* It is forbidden to bring pork to the lake or eat pork before going to the lake.<br><br>
== Sacred places ==
* the lakes Tsimaloto, Ampijoroa, Antsimalo and Ankomakoma
* ''doany'' - place of worship: doany of Betsioka in Bealana (where the traditional ''fanompoana'' takes place), doany of Ambalabongo and the doany of the sacred Lake Ravelobe
* the tombs of the Sakalava kings in Andranomiditra<br><br>
Price list 2010:* 6 rooms with double bed or 2 single beds, shared toilet: 35,000 Ariary per night*5 bungalows for 4 persons, 1 double bed and 1 bunk bed, private toilet: 80,000 Ariary per night* Doany de Betsioka à Bealana lieu de rites sacrés pour les Sakalava 2 new bungalows for 4 persons, 1 double bed, 1 bunk bed, private toilet: « Fanompoana » 100,000 Ariary per night*additional mattress: 4,000 Ariary per night* Doany d'Ambalabongouse of open air kitchen for a group (including dining hall): 10,000 Ariary per day** Doany du lac sacré Ravelobeuse of the dining room for a group of up to 30 people: 65,000 Ariary per night
* Tombeaux de Rois Sakalava à Andranomiditra '''Légendes du Lac Ravelobe :''' Ravelobe est un patriote malagasy qui a participé à la deuxième guerre mondiale. De retour au pays, il a demandé au colon français d'administrer le cantonnement d'Ambatoboeny, sa demande a été refusée .Il a alors formé un groupe de rebelle à Garafantsy. Les crocodiles du Lac Ravelobe sont considérés comme sacrés. L’immolation de zébu, destinée à ces crocodiles, a lieu tous les ans. Ces sauriens ont un nom spécifique « mampisento » - qui fait soupirer. L’histoire du crocodile Mampisento remonte à l’époque du Roi Andriamisondrotramasinarivo issu de la lignée Marambitsy (ethnie Sakalavacamping spot with kitchen, originaire de Mitsinjo), qui par fierté, ne voulant pas l’annexion des merina de son territoire durant le règne de Radama I (1810-1828), se serait jeté dans le lac avec sa famille. Un portier du roi s’est abstenu de suivre son maître dans son suicide. Quand il mourût, peu de temps après, un crocodile est apparu aux rives du lac, il évoquait étrangement le portier qui venait de décéder et sa vue faisait soupirer tous ceux qui l’ont vu. Ce sont les esprits de ce roi qui se révèlent aux vivants par le phénomène de possession « tromba». Le lac est sacré jusqu’à maintenant, le porc y est tabou « fady », car les Marambitsy étaient des musulmans. 3.3.5 Spécialités de la région '''Artisanat '''running water and shared bathroom: Tissage traditionnel du raphia6, teinture naturelle de fibre de raphia000 Ariary per day '''Culture (légumes* 7 safari tents for 6 poeple with kitchen, fruits)''' running water and shared bathroom: mangues25, banane, papaye, mokotra (strychnos spinosa ), citron, jujube, brèdes, oignons, tomates '''Elevage :''' Volailles, porcins, caprins, bovins '''Marché''' : 000 Ariary per night/tent* Andranofasika : chaque mercredi10 simple tents for 2 people with kitchen, vente des produits locaux* Ankazomborona running water and shared bathroom: chaque jeudi9, vente des produits locaux '''4 Se loger''' '''4.1 A l’intérieur du Parc''' : A Ampijoroa {| class="prettytable"| colspan="2" | 000 Ariary per night/tent<centerbr>'''HEBERGEMENT'''</centerbr>
{| class="imageTable"
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| colspan="23" | [[File:Ankarafantsika_National_Park_039.jpg|600px]]|}<center>'''Un gîte d’étape du Parc '''</centerbr>
== Cultural events in the region ==
* ''Fanompoana'' - every year in July the Sakalava people celebrate the [[fanompoana]] to ask for the protection and the blessing of the Sakalava’s Kings. This famous tradition is highly respected by the local population.<br><br>
== Use and customs ==
* ''Famadihana'' - literally translates into "turning of the bones". On this occasion the family commemorates the life of the deceased. Therefore they remains of the decedent are taken from the tomb and re-wrapped in a new winding sheet. However, this funeral ceremony isn't supposed to be sad at all. Instead the family will organise a big party with food, traditional music and dance to prove that they have not forgotten the deceased.
* ''Tromba'' - literally translates into "an evil spirit possessing someone". The Sakalava believe, that spirits can possess humans who fall in trance. At the [[tromba]], ancestor worship is practised in form of a ceremonial communication with the dead. During a specific and secret ritual, a talented person for the invocation will be possessed by spirits. As the sacred deliverer, this tromba is then able to direct important rituals of the village. These mediums are consulted in order to communicate with the ancestors. To fully embody the character, the medium takes over the characteristics of language and behaviour of the reincarnated person.
* traditional circumcision
* traditional marriage<br><br>
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